Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics
| Controls ( n = 19) | MDD-only ( n = 9) | PD-MDD ( n = 13) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables |
|
|
|
| Age (years, SD) |
29.6 (12.8) a |
25.4 (7.7) a |
39.1 (11.9) b |
| Sex (% female) |
68.4 a |
66.7 a |
76.9 a |
| Race (% Caucasian) |
52.6 a |
22.2 a |
41.7 a |
| Education |
|
|
|
| Graduated high school or GED (%) |
5.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Part college or graduated 2-year college (%) |
21.1 |
55.6 |
50.0 |
| Graduated 4-year college (%) |
47.4 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
| Part or completed graduate/professional school (%) |
26.2 |
11.1 |
16.6 |
| Current comorbid diagnoses |
|
|
|
| Social phobia (%) |
- |
- |
23.1 |
| Specific phobia (%) |
- |
- |
7.7 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (%) |
- |
- |
7.7 a |
| Generalized anxiety disorder (%) |
- |
- |
0.0 a |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder |
- |
- |
7.7 a |
| Current psychiatric medications (%) | 0.0 a | 11.1 a | 30.8 b |
Note. Means or percentages with different letters across rows were significantly different in pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05, chi-square test for categorical variables and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test for continuous variables). Controls individuals with no history of psychopathology, MDD-only individuals with current major depressive disorder and no history of anxiety disorders, PD-MDD individuals with current comorbid panic disorder and major depressive disorder, SD standard deviation.