. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Popul Res Policy Rev. 2013 Jul 23;33(4):527–551. doi: 10.1007/s11113-013-9297-2

Table 2.

Adjusted relative risk ratios of current everyday, current somedays, or former smoking vs. never smoking by union status for respondents ages 18–65, NHIS 1997–2010 (N = 168,514)

	Model 1			Mode 2			Model 3			Mode 4

	Everyday Smoker	Somedays Smoker	Former Smoker	Everyday Smoker	Somedays Smoker	Former Smoker	Everyday Smoker	Somedays Smoker	Former Smoker	Everyday Smoker	Somedays Smoker	Former Smoker
Union Status
Same-sex cohabiter	2.410^*	2.235^*	1.515^*	3.248^*	2.526^*	1.639^*	3.098^*	2.476^*	1.654^*	2.887^*	2.321^*	1.608^*
Different-sex cohabiter	3.294^*	2.324^*	1.430^*	2.773^*	2.172^*	1.362^*	2.523^*	2.067^*	1.384^*	2.447^*	2.006^*	1.363^*
Female	0.664^*	0.610^*	0.610^*	0.634^*	0.595^*	0.596^*	0.633^*	0.596^*	0.587^*	0.612^*	0.579^*	0.579^*
Race-Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic black	0.624^*	0.983	0.511^*	0.500^*	0.885^*	0.474^*	0.482^*	0.865^*	0.474^*	0.488^*	0.872^*	0.476^*
Hispanic	0.539^*	1.390^*	0.682^*	0.312^*	1.103	0.583^*	0.289^*	1.066	0.592^*	0.296^*	1.080	0.595^*
Non-Hispanic other	0.780^*	0.778^*	0.603^*	0.878^*	0.855	0.637^*	0.880^*	0.863	0.636^*	0.880^*	0.861	0.637^*
Foreign-born	0.533^*	0.718^*	0.700^*	0.517^*	0.700^*	0.703^*	0.478^*	0.668^*	0.712^*	0.499^*	0.690^*	0.720^*
Age (centered at mean)	1.006^*	0.991^*	1.042^*	1.004^*	0.991^*	1.041^*	1.006^*	0.992^*	1.040^*	1.006^*	0.992^*	1.041^*
Region
Midwest	1.169^*	1.058	0.887^*	1.073^*	1.006	0.855^*	1.060^*	0.998	0.856^*	1.053	0.991	0.853^*
South	1.203^*	0.925	0.825^*	1.072^*	0.878^*	0.798^*	1.024	0.859^*	0.800^*	1.025	0.861^*	0.802^*
West	0.757^*	0.896^*	0.838^*	0.755^*	0.866^*	0.819^*	0.734^*	0.853^*	0.820^*	0.724^*	0.844^*	0.816^*
Year	0.966^*	0.986^*	0.976^*	0.977^*	0.990^*	0.979^*	0.973^*	0.988^*	0.979^*	0.972^*	0.987^*	0.979^*
Education
No high school diploma				1.675^*	1.266^*	1.119^*	1.526^*	1.197^*	1.125^*	1.461^*	1.165^*	1.110^*
Some college				0.621^*	0.967	1.009	0.643^*	0.987	1.008	0.641^*	0.984	1.007
College graduate				0.158^*	0.509^*	0.626^*	0.171^*	0.532^*	0.625^*	0.176^*	0.544^*	0.632^*
Employment status
Unemployed							1.733^*	1.703^*	1.254^*	1.553^*	1.555^*	1.198^*
Not in the labor force							1.032	1.013	1.096^*	0.932^*	0.940	1.061^*
In poverty							1.242^*	1.124^*	0.922^*	1.162^*	1.073	0.900^*
Uninsured							1.604^*	1.284^*	0.889^*	1.566^*	1.263^*	0.882^*
Psychological distress										1.081^*	1.071^*	1.038^*
Constant	0.476^*	0.090^*	0.713^*	0.849^*	0.115^*	0.853^*	0.810^*	0.113^*	0.851^*	0.718^*	0.101^*	0.806^*

The reference groups in the models are as follows: Smoking (Never Smoked), Union Status (Different-Sex Married), Gender (Male), Race-Ethnicity (Non-Hispanic white), Nativity Status (U.S. Born), Region (Northeast), Education (High School Graduate), Employment Status (Currently Employed), Poverty Status (Not in poverty), and Health Insurance Coverage (Insured). Our additional analysis using same-sex cohabiters as the reference group suggests that after controlling for all covariate, there are no significant differences in the risk of being a current somedays and everyday smoker when comparing the same-sex cohabiting and different-sex cohabiting; the different-sex cohabiting are less likely to be former smokers than the same-sex cohabiting

p < 0.05