Table 5.
Origin, enzymatic pathways of reactive oxygen species, and their oxidized products.
| Origin – Location Enzymatic Pathway | ROS Potent Oxidants | PRODUCTS Oxidized lipids and Proteins |
| Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain | O2• -OH• | Oxidized lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and autoxidation byproducts. |
| Inflammatory Macrophage Membraneous NAD(P)H Oxidase | O2• OH• H2O2 | Advanced Lipoxidation Endproducts (ALE) Ortho o-tyrosine Meta m- tyrosine |
| Granular Myeloperoxidase (MPO) | Hypochlorous Acid HOCL (bleach) •Tyr NO2• | 3-Chlorotyrosine di-Tyrosine NO2-Tyrosine (Nitrotyrosine) |
| Macrophage Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Inducible (iNOS) Large bursts uncontrolled | ONOO' | NO2-Tyr (Nitrotyrosine) |
| Endothelial Cell | ||
| Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Constitutive (cNOS) eNOS → NO nNOS → NO Small bursts (puffs) controlled | NO + O2• → ONOO' ONOO' | NO2-Tyr (Nitrotyrosine) NO2-Tyr |
| eNOS derived NO | NO: the GOOD | Natural Occurring, Local Occurring, Chain Breaking Antioxidant |
| Superoxide | O2.: the BAD | |
| Peroxynitrite | ONOO• : the UGLY | |
| Hypochlorous acid | HCLO : the UGLY | |
| Restoration of endothelial derived NITRIC OXIDE Via the eNOS reaction.. | ANTIOXIDANT ANTIREDOXIDANT → → → | Prevention of the devastating effects of ROS. |