Table 1. Some major stakeholders in science and their extent of interest in research and its results from various perspectives; typical patterns are presented (exceptions do occur).

	Extent of interest in research results
	Publishable	Fundable	Translatable	Profitable
Scientists	+++	+++	+
Industry – sales and marketing				+++
Industry – R & D			+++	+++
Private investors, including hedge funds			++	+++
Public funders – open (e.g. NIH, NSF)	++		+
Public funders – closed (e.g. military)			+++
Not-for-profit funders/philanthropists	++		+++
Journal editors	+++			+
For-profit publishers	+			+++
Professional and scientific societies	+
Universities	+	+++		+
Not-for-profit research institutions	+++	+++	+	+
Supporting non-scientific staff		+++
Hospitals and other professional facilities offering services related to science			+	+++
Other financial entities that are affected by these services (e.g. insurance)				+++
Governments and state/federal authorities				++
Consumers of products and services			+++