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. 2014 Sep 27;18(5):520. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0520-2

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© Castellano et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Prevention of LPS-induced renal fibrosis by CPFA treatment. Renal biopsies after CPFA treatment showed a significant reduction in collagen deposits (A, thin arrow), in particular along capillaries (zoomed image), and glomerular thrombi (thick arrow) compared with endotoxemic condition. Magnification 6×. (C) Immunofluorescence analysis showed a strong expression of interstitial α-SMA (green) in endotoxemic pigs that was dramatically decreased by CPFA treatment (white arrow). Magnification, 630×. To-pro 3 was used to counterstain nuclei (blue). (E) Caspase-3 staining highlighted the efficacy of treatment (black arrows) in reversing LPS-induced tubular apoptosis. Magnification, 14×. The quantitative analyses of Masson trichrome (B), α-SMA (D), and caspase-3 (F) staining were obtained as described in the Methods section and expressed as median ± IQR of at least five independent pigs for each group.