Table 2.
Surgical severity risk stratification[14]
| Low risk | Moderate risk | High risk |
| Eye | Intracranial surgery | Lung resection |
| ENT | Laminectomy/Disc surgery | Heart surgery |
| Dental | Thyroidectomy | AAA repair |
| Sinuses/Tonsils | Other endocrine surgery | Porto-systemic shunt |
| Chest tube/ Thoracentesis | Head and neck surgery | Splenectomy |
| Bronchoscopy | Major blood vessels surgery | Laparotomy |
| Laryngoscopy | Peripheral artery surgery | Esophagus/Stomach surgery |
| Tracheostomy | Embolectomy | Liver/Biliary surgery |
| Venous procedures | Carotid artery surgery | Small bowel/Large bowel/Pancreas surgery |
| Vein stripping | Rectal/Anal surgery | Renal surgery |
| Pacemaker insertion | Herniorrhaphy | Hip surgery |
| Lymph node biopsy/ resection | Bladder procedures | Back fusion |
| GI endoscopy | Prostate procedures | Long bone fractures |
| Laparoscopy | Hysterectomy ± oophorectomy | |
| GU endoscopy | Amputations | |
| Male GU procedures | Hand, foot, knee surgery | |
| Female GU procedures | Breast biopsy/ mastectomy | |
| D & C | ||
| Skin lesion excision | ||
| Superficial tumor excision | ||
| Other diagnostic/ therapeutic procedures | ||
ENT: Ear, nose and throat; GI: Gastrointestinal; GU: Genitourinary; D & C: Dilatation and curettage; AAA: Abdominal aortic aneurysm.