Table 5.

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Classification of preoperative risk

ASA Class	Systemic disturbance	Mortality (%)
1	Healthy patient with no disease outside of the surgical process	< 0.03
2	Mild to moderate systemic disease caused by the surgical condition or by other pathological processes, medically well-controlled	0.2
3	Severe disease process which limits activity but is not incapacitating	1.2
4	Severe incapacitating disease process that is a constant threat to life	8
5	Moribund patient not expected to survive 24 h with or without an operation	34
E	Suffix to indicate emergency surgery for any class	Increased

^bP < 0.01 vs group B and control group; ^aP < 0.05 vs control group; ^dP < 0.01 vs group B and control.