Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of children and caregivers at enrollment, by program model.
| Total sample (n = 1487) |
Volunteer-driven models (n = 894) |
Paraprofessional models (n = 593) |
Group difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (%) | (%) | (%) | (χ2 or t-statistic) | |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Female | 52 | 51 | 53 | 0.20 |
| Age (mean years) | 13.60 | 13.61 | 13.60 | 0.18 |
| Chronically ill caregiver | 37 | 38 | 37 | 0.15 |
| Orphan status | 178.46*** | |||
| Maternal orphan | 11 | 10 | 14 | |
| Paternal orphan | 26 | 33 | 16 | |
| Double orphan | 49 | 37 | 67 | |
| Foster child (no parent at home) | 65 | 54 | 83 | 126.32*** |
| Child-headed household | 1 | – | 2 | 15.01*** |
| Caregiver characteristics | ||||
| Female | 93 | 92 | 95 | 5.98* |
| Age (mean years) | 48.64 | 46.78 | 51.37 | 4.99*** |
| Married | 19 | 21 | 17 | 2.71 |
| No education | 32 | 30 | 34 | 1.94 |
| Relationship to child | ||||
| Parent | 28 | 29 | 13 | 112.65*** |
| Grandparent/aunt/uncle | 58 | 49 | 72 | 78.51*** |
| Sibling | 11 | 9 | 13 | 3.95* |
| Other | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1.44 |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Monthly household income under 1000 Rand | 81 | 82 | 79 | 2.36 |
Notes: *p ≤ 0.05, ***p ≤ 0.001 for comparing volunteer-driven and paraprofessional models; t-tests are used for continuous outcomes and chi-square tests for categorical outcomes.