Table 3. Mean ± SD concentrations (ng·ml−1) of pro-inflammatory cytokines following 60 min of low and moderate exercise in a thermoneutral (NT), cold (COLD) and cold environment with shivering (SHIV) at baseline (BL) and at end of exercise (EEx).
| PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES | LOW | MOD | |||||
| NT | COLD | SHIV | NT | COLD | SHIV | ||
| IL-1β | BL | 1.55±0.97 | 1.92±0.82 | 1.68±0.86 | 1.63±0.93 | 1.67±0.71 | 1.83±1.12 |
| EEx | 3.30±1.41 | 2.47±0.85E, F | 2.26±1.09† | 3.13±0.92 | 2.11±1.06 | 3.53±1.44 * † ‡ | |
| IL-2 | BL | 3.33±2.33 | 4.79±1.97 | 4.09±2.29 | 4.50±2.34 | 3.37±2.00 | 4.44±2.81 |
| EEx | 8.04±3.28D, * | 6.39±2.21 | 5.39±2.51 | 8.30±3.28* | 5.63±2.82 | 8.36±3.39* ‡ | |
| IL-5 | BL | 3.64±1.27 | 3.79±1.11 | 3.49±0.97 | 3.96±0.87 | 3.29±1.10 | 3.77±1.82 |
| EEx | 5.34±1.38 | 5.24±1.55 | 4.97±1.48 | 5.32±1.24 | 4.74±1.57 | 5.47±1.94‡ | |
| IL-6 | BL | 9.32±3.06 | 10.58±3.26 | 8.98±3.43 | 9.90±2.68 | 8.82±2.90 | 10.20±4.44 |
| EEx | 12.28±3.49* | 12.75±2.51 | 11.94±4.04* | 13.51±3.22* | 11.53±4.03* | 13.79±3.89* ‡ | |
| IL-7 | BL | 16.63±6.25 | 19.42±6.12 | 16.11±6.89 | 17.86±8.59 | 16.36±7.35 | 16.16±6.09 |
| EEx | 22.40±7.67D, F | 16.62±5.75 | 14.43±3.56 | 22.89±8.9 | 14.95±5.57 | 22.61±11.01‡ | |
| IL-8 | BL | 7.12±4.81 | 7.90±5.07 | 6.69±4.44 | 7.60±5.44 | 6.11±4.86 | 6.97±5.12 |
| EEx | 8.04±4.20 | 8.28±5.11 | 7.43±5.33 | 8.61±5.02 | 7.77±5.38 | 8.70±4.95† | |
| IL-9 | BL | 23.12±22.52 | 27.53±21.78 | 23.27±16.06 | 19.99±13.04 | 17.56±16.22 | 28.28±19.54 |
| EEx | 34.53±24.69 | 30.19±16.36 | 26.10±18.46 | 34.38±23.93* | 25.65±13.89 | 35.55±22.23† ‡ | |
| IL-12 | BL | 33.47±18.38 | 37.38±19.47 | 34.08±18.83 | 39.44±20.93 | 29.07±19.83 | 33.64±22.73 |
| EEx | 26.76±13.24D | 41.56±14.75 | 40.50±17.48 | 26.89±12.45 | 36.85±22.26 | 28.86±14.31 | |
| IL-15 | BL | 5.83±2.96 | 6.74±2.93 | 5.34±3.07 | 5.78±2.81 | 5.08±3.00 | 5.75±3.79 |
| EEx | 7.54±2.56 | 7.23±1.94 | 6.60±2.86 | 7.79±2.55* | 6.65±2.76 | 7.85±3.62‡ | |
| IL-17 | BL | 67.10±64.19 | 71.04±61.28 | 62.63±67.06 | 72.64±62.29 | 54.43±63.61 | 60.47±65.17 |
| EEx | 83.68±67.28 | 82.78±54.85 | 70.19±66.66 | 93.65±78.92B | 70.21±62.39 | 91.16±69.63* † ‡ | |
| IFN-γ | BL | 110.26±38.55 | 118.49±29.05 | 110.34±46.30 | 116.46±41.21 | 104.68±48.91 | 115.81±53.89 |
| EEx | 173.87±54.16A,B,D, F , * | 132.36±35.01 | 124.74±43.49 | 175.85±55.46* | 125.37±43.84 | 172.50±64.22B, * ‡ | |
| Rantes | BL | 818±201 | 847±160 | 912±122 | 895±135 | 932±109 | 897±141 |
| EEx | 1041±209A,B,D, * | 740±160 | 785±75* | 1078±130* | 832±160A,C | 1029±302* | |
| Eotaxin | BL | 83.74±19.36 | 87.78±12.08 | 76.16±16.20 | 78.69±15.98 | 77.74±8.68 | 80.05±12.82 |
| EEx | 99.25±20.20A,B,D, F | 75.75±11.41 | 77.10±12.21 | 96.70±17.35 | 78.64±11.50 | 86.09±19.70‡ | |
| IP-10 | BL | 854±348 | 709±233 | 674±229 | 861±720 | 656±172 | 866±550 |
| EEx | 887±294D, F | 605±219 | 593±171 | 1150±798A,B | 656±193 | 645±223 | |
| MIP-1β | BL | 31.27±8.24 | 32.81±6.48 | 30.97±7.58 | 33.45±7.92 | 27.98±7.42 | 34.17±12.81 |
| EEx | 36.48±9.19A,B,D, F | 29.59±6.28 | 27.56±7.79D | 38.65±8.59B | 29.24±7.38 | 39.01±11.92B | |
| MCP-1 | BL | 12.71±4.43 | 12.37±3.40 | 12.29±3.68 | 11.82±3.39 | 12.09±3.11 | 13.90±6.31 |
| EEx | 14.94±4.33A,B, D, F | 9.33±2.24 | 9.43±1.92 | 16.49±5.07B, * | 11.33±3.49 | 15.79±7.27B, | |
*, Significant difference between BL and EEx (p<0.05).
†
, Significant difference between BL and EEx across environmental conditions.
‡
difference between BL and EEx across environmental and exercise conditions
A,
Significantly different from SHIV (p<0.05).
B,
Significantly different from COLD (p<0.05).
C,
Significantly different from NT (p<0.05).
D,
Significantly different from COLD across exercise intensities (p<0.05).
E,
Significantly different from NT across exercise intensities (p<0.05).
F
, Significantly different from SHIV across exercise intensities (p<0.05).