Table 3ab.
Association of pain and number of pain sites with (A) self-reported problems with balance/coordination and performance-based assessment of standing balance, and (B) fear of falling and falls in adults 65 years and older, United States: National Health and Aging Trends Study, 2011
| A. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Problems with balance/coordination PR (95% CI) |
Balance/coordination problems limits activity PR (95% CI) |
Standing balance performance β (95% CI) |
|
| Pain status | |||
| No pain | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. |
| Pain | 1.80 (1.59-2.02) | 2.15 (1.79-2.59) | −0.18 (−0.33, −0.02) |
|
| |||
| No. of pain sites | |||
| 0 | 1.00* | 1.00* | Ref. * |
| 1 | 1.32 (1.12-1.55) | 1.57 (1.16-2.12) | −0.04 (−0.25, 0.16) |
| 2 | 1.61 (1.38-1.87) | 1.93 (1.56-2.39) | −0.12 (−0.39, 0.15) |
| 3 | 1.94 (1.62-2.31) | 2.08 (1.56-2.78) | −0.33 (−0.57, −0.08) |
| ≥4 | 2.47 (2.13-2.87) | 2.99 (2.42-3.70) | −0.34 (−0.55, −0.13) |
| B. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Fell in the past year PR (95% CI) |
≥2 falls in the past year PR (95% CI) |
Worries about falling down PR (95% CI) |
Worry about falling limits activity PR (95% CI) |
|
| Pain status | ||||
| No pain | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Pain | 1.48 (1.33-1.66) | 1.76 (1.48-2.09) | 1.55 (1.37-1.75) | 2.06 (1.59-2.67) |
|
| ||||
| No. of pain sites | ||||
| 0 | 1.00* | 1.00* | 1.00* | 1.00* |
| 1 | 1.21 (1.06-1.38) | 1.00 (0.72-1.39) | 1.26 (1.06-1.50) | 1.49 (1.02-2.19) |
| 2 | 1.53 (1.31-1.79) | 1.96 (1.61-2.40) | 1.53 (1.28-1.84) | 1.65 (1.18-2.32) |
| 3 | 1.54 (1.30-1.83) | 1.81 (1.32-2.47) | 1.63 (1.39-1.91) | 2.41 (1.68-3.46) |
| ≥4 | 1.75 (1.51-2.04) | 2.44 (1.96-3.03) | 1.84 (1.59-2.14) | 2.78 (2.04-3.79) |
P-value <0.001 for test of trend
PR=Prevalence Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval; β=unstandardized regression coefficient
All 6 models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking history, body mass index, obesity, depressive symptoms, dementia, arthritis, osteoporosis, hip fracture, cancer, chronic lung disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, total number of medical conditions, cognitive performance, exercise, and frequency of analgesic medication use as well as for performance in chair rising, usual gait speed, and grip strength.
P-value <0.001 for test of trend
PR=Prevalence Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval
All 8 models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking history, body mass index, obesity, depressive symptoms, dementia, arthritis, osteoporosis, hip fracture, cancer, chronic lung disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, total number of medical conditions, cognitive performance, exercise, and frequency of analgesic medication use as well as for performance in balance standing, chair rising, usual gait speed, and grip strength.