Effect of GSE and Res on the expression of phospho-AMPK and p62 in 4NQO-induced oral (tongue) tumorigenesis. IHC analyses was performed in tongue tissues from 4NQO, 4NQO+GSE and 4NQO+Res groups, and (A) representative photographs for phospho-AMPK (Thr172), and p62 are presented at 400X; insets represent further magnification of a part of the photographs. The immunoreactivity for (B) phospho-AMPK (Thr172), and (C) p62 was quantified as described in ‘Materials and methods’. The quantitative data for immunoreactivity are shown as mean ± SEM of five individual tongue tissues from each group. *, P<0.001; GSE, grape seed extract; Res, resveratrol.