Table 1.
Demographics, cardiometabolic risk, and basal rate of palmitate appearance, fasting plasma FFA concentration, and adipocyte insulin resistance disposition index details for nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects
| Nondiabetic subjects (n = 11) | Type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 33) | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Patients (n) | ||
| Male | 3 | 15 |
| Female | 8 | 18 |
| Age (years) | 65.5 ± 1.4 | 57.1 ± 1.5* |
| Weight (kg) | 94.0 ± 5.4 | 86.4 ± 2.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.8 ± 2.0 | 30.5 ± 0.7* |
| Fat mass (kg) | 36.3 (30.3, 44.5) | 33.4 (25.9, 40.9) |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 54.5 ± 2.4 | 52.5 ± 1.6 |
| Cardiometabolic outcomes | ||
| HbA1c (%) | — | 8.5 ± 0.2 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | — | 70.1 ± 3.2 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 107 ± 3 | 181 ± 8* |
| Fasting plasma insulin (μU/mL) | 17.3 (10.7, 24.4) | 14.3 (10.4, 19.7) |
| 2-h glucose (mg/dL) | 156 ± 7 | 321 ± 12* |
| 2-h insulin (μU/mL) | 105.3 (62.6, 119.3) | 35.6 (24.3, 60.4)* |
| Matsuda Index | 1.9 (1.3, 3.2) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.5) |
| HOMA-IR (glucose × INS) | 4.8 (2.8, 6.2) | 6.6 (4.3, 9.3)* |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 164 ± 16 | 159 ± 11 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||
| Total | 192 ± 8 | 180 ± 5 |
| LDL | 129 ± 7 | 112 ± 4 |
| HDL | 38 (33.0, 42.0) | 34 (30.0, 43.0) |
| Adipose outcomes | ||
| Fasting FFA (mEq/L) | 0.69 ± 0.06 | 0.72 ± 0.03 |
| Fasting palmitate Ra (mg/kg FFM/min) | 97.3 (51.4–133.9) | 161.4 (116.1, 237.0)* |
| GSIS | ||
| First phase (0–30 min) | 0.27 (0.18, 0.46) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.22)* |
| Second phase (60–120 min) | 0.57 (0.31, 0.74) | 0.09 (0.06, 0.23)* |
| Adipose IR index | ||
| FFA × INS | 11.4 (6.3, 17.3) | 12.3 (6.3, 14.9) |
| 14C palmitate Ra × INS | 1,595 (650, 3,243) | 2,725 (1,322, 4,324)* |
| First-phase DI adipose plasma† | ||
| 0–30 min | 0.03 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.008 (0.007, 0.01)* |
| 60–120 min | 0.05 (0.04, 0.05) | 0.01 (0.006, 0.01)* |
| Second-phase DI adipose 14C palmitate*† | ||
| 0–30 min | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04)* |
| 60–120 min | 0.2 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05)* |
Normally distributed data are mean ± SEM. Nonnormally distributed data are presented as median (interquartile range). INS, insulin; Ra, rate of appearance. *Different between nondiabetic vs. type 2 diabetic subjects. †Disposition index (DI) was calculated as: GSIS × 1/adipose insulin resistance (plasma FFA and 14C palmitate Ra), where GSIS is INS/glucose area under the curve. DI calculations for 14C palmitate Ra were multiplied here by 1,000 for data presentation of first- and second-phase GSIS.