Table 2.
Risk of incident cardiovascular diseases during 5–10 years of follow-up according to current use of sulfonylurea
| Duration of sulfonylurea (years) |
Yes vs. no |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | 1–5 | 6–10 | >10 | P for trends | RR (95% CI), P | |
| Total cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Person-years | 14,399 | 11,996 | 4,438 | 2,924 | 19,358 vs. 14,399 | |
| Number of cases | 122 | 126 | 51 | 40 | 217 vs. 122 | |
| Incident rate (per 105 person-years) | 847 | 1,050 | 1,149 | 1,368 | 1,121 vs. 847 | |
| Adjusted RR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.25 (0.97–1.61) | 1.37 (0.98–1.90) | 1.61 (1.12–2.31) | 0.006 | 1.33 (1.07–1.67), P = 0.01 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.25 (0.97–1.62) | 1.36 (0.98–1.90) | 1.60 (1.11–2.30) | 0.007 | 1.33 (1.06–1.67), P = 0.01 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.20 (0.91–1.58) | 1.39 (0.98–1.98) | 1.64 (1.11–2.40) | 0.007 | 1.31 (1.01–1.68), P = 0.04 |
| Model 4 | Ref | 1.20 (0.91–1.58) | 1.40 (0.98–1.99) | 1.65 (1.12–2.43) | 0.007 | 1.31 (1.01–1.68), P = 0.04 |
| CHD | ||||||
| Number of cases | 62 | 72 | 30 | 27 | 129 vs. 62 | |
| Incident rate (per 105 person-years) | 431 | 600 | 676 | 923 | 666 vs. 431 | |
| Adjusted RR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.40 (0.99–1.97) | 1.55 (1.00–2.40) | 2.15 (1.36–3.39) | 0.001 | 1.55 (1.14–2.10), P = 0.005 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.37 (0.97–1.94) | 1.52 (0.97–2.36) | 2.10 (1.32–3.34) | 0.002 | 1.51 (1.11–2.06), P = 0.009 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.24 (0.85–1.81) | 1.50 (0.94–2.40) | 2.08 (1.27–3.39) | 0.003 | 1.41 (1.01–1.99), P = 0.047 |
| Model 4 | Ref | 1.24 (0.85–1.81) | 1.51 (0.94–2.42) | 2.15 (1.31–3.54) | 0.002 | 1.42 (1.01–2.00), P = 0.04 |
| Stroke | ||||||
| Number of cases | 60 | 54 | 21 | 13 | 88 vs. 60 | |
| Incident rate (per 105 person-years) | 417 | 450 | 473 | 445 | 455 vs. 417 | |
| Adjusted RR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 1.17 (0.70–1.93) | 1.05 (0.57–1.93) | 0.70 | 1.11 (0.79–1.55), P = 0.54 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.13 (0.78–1.66) | 1.17 (0.70–1.95) | 1.07 (0.58–1.98) | 0.68 | 1.13 (0.81–1.59), P = 0.47 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.19 (0.78–1.80) | 1.29 (0.75–2.21) | 1.21 (0.63–2.30) | 0.43 | 1.21 (0.83–1.77), P = 0.32 |
| Model 4 | Ref | 1.19 (0.79–1.81) | 1.29 (0.75–2.20) | 1.19 (0.62–2.27) | 0.46 | 1.21 (0.83–1.77), P = 0.32 |
RR and 95% CIs were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models. Model 1: adjusted age (months). Model 2: further adjusted BMI (kg/m2); physical activity (quintiles); smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, or current smoker: 1–14 or ≥15 cigarettes/day); alcohol drinking (0, 0.1–9.9, 10.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, and ≥30 g/day); alternative healthy eating index (quintile); Caucasian ethnicity (yes/no); multivitamin use (yes/no); family history of myocardial infarction (yes/no); family history of stroke (yes/no); presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer; self-reported history of coronary artery bypass graft; and regular use of aspirin, antidepressant, antihypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering drugs (yes/no). Model 3: further adjusted plasma levels of HbA1c (missing and <7, 7–7.9, 8–9.9, 10–11.9, and ≥12); duration of retina (not affected and <2, 2–5, and >6 years); duration of kidney disease (not affected and <2, 2–5, and >6 years); duration of neuropathy (nerve damage: not affected and <2, 2–5, 6–9, 10–14, and ≥15 years); and use of other diabetic medications including insulin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, acarbose, and other diabetic medications (past, never, and current users for each). Model 4: further adjusted for duration of diabetes (years). Ref, reference.