BBB leakage induced by KA treatment was reduced in TonEBP (+/−) mice. Mice were killed at 24 h after KA injection. (a and b) Western blotting analysis of VEGF and AQP4. Hippocampal tissues were extracted from wild-type (WT), TonEBP (+/−), KA-treated WT, or KA-treated TonEBP (+/−) mice. Values were normalized to α-tubulin or β-actin. Data are shown as mean±S.E.M. *P<0.05 versus WT control (CTL), **P<0.001 versus CTL. (c) Representative immunofluorescence images of AQP4 (red) and GFAP (green) in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. The areas in white squares on the merged images are magnified on the right bottom. Scale bar=50 μm. (inset, 10 μm)