Table 1.
Reported Rates of ASD among Individuals with FXS
| Authors (Year) | Sample characteristics | Diagnostic procedures | Detected rates of Autism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bailey, Raspa, Olmsted, & Holiday (2008) | 976 males; 259 females (national survey) 6–30+ years (Mage not reported) |
Caregivers asked: “Has this child ever been diagnosed or treated by a medical professional for any of the following conditions… autism?” |
Males: 46% Females: 16% |
| Clifford, Dissanayake, Bui, Huggins, Taylor, & Loesch (2007) | 33 males; 31 females (ascertained via clinical referrals) 5–60 years (M23.2) |
Participants who scored above SCQ thresholds were administered the ADI-R & ADOS |
Males: 36% on ADI-R; 67% on ADOS for autism/spectrum; 27% on ADI-R+ ADOS autism/spectrum Females: 3% on ADI-R; 13% on ADOS for autism/spectrum; 13% on ADI-R+ ADOS autism/spectrum |
| Garcia-Nonell, Ratera, Harris, Hessl, Ono, et al. (2008) | 90 males 3–25 years (M ~8) |
ADOS, DSM-IV | 63% on ADOS for autism/spectrum + DSM-IV for autism or PDD-NOS |
| Hall, Lightbody, & Reiss (2008) | 31 males; 29 females 5–20 years (M~13) |
ADOS |
Males: 74% for autism/spectrum Females: 45% for autism/spectrum |
| Harris, Hessl, Bacalman, Goodlin-Jones, Ferranti, et al. (2008) | 63 males 2–19 years (M7.9) |
ADI-R, DSM-IV & ADOS | 49% on ADI-R; 49% on ADOS for autism/spectrum; 35% on DSM-IV for autism; 59% on DSM-IV for PDD-NOS; 27% on ADI-R+DSM-IV+ADOS autism/spectrum |
| Hernandez, Feinberg, Vaurio, Passanante, Thompson, et al. (2009) | 56 males Age range not reported (M 4.7 years |
ADI-R, DSM-IV | 43% on ADI-R+DSM-IV |
| Rogers, Wehner, & Hagerman (2001) | 23 males; 1 female (ascertained via clinical referrals) 2–4 years (M 2.9) |
ADOS, DSM-IV, & ADI-R (used reduced cut-off scores for the ADI-R repetitive behavior domain) | 46% on ADI-R; 33% on ADI-R+ DSM-IV+ ADOS autism/spectrum |
Note: ADOS rates are reported for children who met criteria for either “autism” or “autism spectrum”. ADI-R rates report the percentage of children who met criteria of “autism” (the ADI-R does not provide diagnostic cut-offs for “autism spectrum”). ADOS=Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale; ADI-R=Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; SCQ=Social Communication Questionnaire; DSM-IV=American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-4th Edition; PDD-NOS=Pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified.