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| Main proposed etiology | Studies |
|---|---|
| Increased hepatic arterial blood flow | Parkin, 1983 (19); Ridge, 1987 (24); Archer, 1989 (25) |
| Decreased portal blood flow | Nott, 1991 (48); Carter, 1994 (49); Yarmenitis, 2000 (47) |
| Decreased portal blood flow with compensatory increase in hepatic arterial blood flow | Kopljar, 2004 (6) |
