Table 2.

Analytical parameters of carbaryl determination based on ELISA, SPR, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and the developed Love Wave (LW) immunosensor. Δf means that the measurement were carried out using an oscillator electronic configuration, and Δu_φ means that the measurement were carried out using the described phase and amplitude detection at fixed frequency.

Technique	Sensitivity, I50 (μg/L)	LOD, I90 (μg/L)	Working Range (μg/L)
ELISA [18]	0.06	0.01	0.02–0.18
SPR [17]	3.11	1.38	1.90–6.34
QCM 9 MHz (Δf) [2]	30.00	11.00	15.00–53.00
QCM 10 MHz (Δuφ) [19]	16.70	4.00	7.00–35.00
LW 120 MHz (Δuφ)	0.31	0.09	0.14–1.63