Table 5.
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in water contaminant application.
| Sample | Laser, Power, Detection Time | SERS Substrate | LOD (M) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. subtilis | 750,50 mW, CCD 1 min | AgFON: 600 nm diameter | 2.1 × 10−14 | [75] |
| Chromate | 785, 80.2 mW, CCD TE Cooled 20 s | Au/mercaptoethyl pyridinium | 5 × 10−7 | [76] |
| E. coli | 514.5, 100 mW, CCD 1–2 min | Ag nanoparticle suspension | ∼103 cfu/mL | [77] |
| Uranium | 785, 60 mW | Au/aminomethyl phosphonic acid 50–60 nm | 8 × 10−7 | [78] |
| RDX in water | 785 nm, 1 mW, CCD 10 s | Au nanoparticles 90–100 nm | 1 × 10−6 | [79] |
| Mercaptobenzoic Acid | 785 nm, 5 mW, 2 s | Ag nanostructure on polyaniline membrane | 1 × 10−12 | [80] |
| Crystal violet | 785 nm, 2 mW, CCD 10 s | Fractal-like Au nanostructure 30–50 nm | 4.3 × 10−9 | [81] |
| Thrombin | 632.8 nm, 0.5 mW | Au nanoparticles 56 nm | 2 × 10−11 | [82] |
| Arsenic | 532 nm, 20 mW | Ag, Cu nanoparticles coated with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) | 1.3 × 10−8 | [83] |
| Cyanide | 514 nm, 20 mW, CCD 30 s | Ag colloids 35–40 nm | 1.5–2 × 10−8 | [73] |
| Malachite green | 514 nm, 20 mW, CCD 30 s | Hydroxylamine hydrochloride- reduced Ag colloid 40 nm | 2.6–5.2 × 10−9 | [74] |
| Cyanide | 532 nm, 10 mW, CCD 100 s | Ag nanoparticles immobilized on oxidized silicon substrates | 2.7 ×10−7 | [84] |
| Perchlorate | 785 nm, 1.5 mW, CCD 10 s | Ag nanoparticles on functionalized silica sol-gel films | 1 × 10−6 | [85] |
| Polychlorinated biphenyls | 532 nm, 3.09 mW, 30 s | AgFON | 5 × 10−11 | [86] |
| Perchlorate | 785 nm, 1.5 mW, CCD 10 s | Cystamine-modified Au nanoparticles | 5 × 10−16 | [87] |
| Uranyl Ion | 632.8 nm, 2 mW, CCD 1 s | Ag modified polypropylene filter (PPF) substrates | 4 × 10−8 | [88] |
FON: Film over nanosphere. LOD: Low limit of detection