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. 2014 Aug 6;11(97):20140273. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0273

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Attachment and detachment processes of adhesive seta from male diving beetles. (a) A circular seta from H. pacificus and (b) a spatula seta from C. rugosus. The attachment–detachment cycle can be separated into five stages. Stage 0 is the status prior to contact and stages i–iv correspond to the stages in figure 2c. (c) Force–displacement curves for circular (blue) and spatula setae (red). The seta experiences a negative force during preloading (filled symbol) and a positive force during pull-off (open symbol). Zero displacement is defined by complete seta–substrate contact during stage i. During pull-off (stage iii), spring constants for each seta are calculated as the initial (solid line) and final slopes (dashed line) of the curve. (de) Stalk heights at the beginning (l1) and end (l2) of the pull-off stage for a circular seta in d (from l1 ∼ 270 to l2 ∼ 330 μm) and a spatula seta in e (from l1 ∼ 100 to l2 ∼ 280 μm). The ‘buffer length’ is quantified as Δl = l2l1. Scale bar, 100 μm.