Fig. 1.

Country-specific likelihood of health-harming behaviours in young adults with at least four adverse childhood experiences, in eight eastern European countries, 2010–2013

Notes: The size of the data points is proportional to the study's weight in the meta-analysis. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated for respondents who reported at least four adverse childhood experiences each. Respondents who reported no such experiences were used as the reference category. We used a binomial logistic regression model with each health-harming behaviour as the dependent and categorized counts of adverse childhood experiences and demographics (age, gender, and parental education level) as independent variables. High odds ratios were generated when particular health-harming behaviours were rare in those with no adverse childhood experiences but relatively frequent in those with four or more adverse childhood experiences.