Table 5. Demographics and number of adverse childhood experiences as predictors of health-harming behaviours, in eight eastern European countries,a 2010–2013.
| Variable | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)b |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoker | Physical inactivity | At least five sexual partners | Sexual intercourse when aged < 16 years | Drug abuse | Problematic use of alcohol | Attempted suicide | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Male | 1.71 (1.56–1.87) | 0.42 (0.36–0.48) | 5.99 (5.19–6.92) | 4.02 (3.50–4.62) | 2.54 (2.23–2.90) | 1.93 (1.67–2.23) | 0.30 (0.22–0.40) |
| Age, years | |||||||
| 18–19 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 20–21 | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 1.12 (0.96–1.30) | 1.71 (1.44–2.03) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 1.44 (1.23–1.70) | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) |
| 22–25 | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 1.46 (1.21–1.77) | 2.16 (1.77–2.64) | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) | 1.55 (1.25–1.92) | 1.16 (0.94–1.42) | 1.11 (0.79–1.58) |
| Level of parental education | |||||||
| Low | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Medium | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.91 (0.72–1.16) | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) | 1.26 (0.97–1.64) | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | 0.87 (0.60–1.24) |
| High | 1.09 (0.94–1.28) | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 1.24 (0.97–1.60) | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | 1.97 (1.51–2.57) | 1.68 (1.32–2.13) | 0.91 (0.61–1.34) |
| ACE count | |||||||
| 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 | 1.48 (1.33–1.65) | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) | 1.53 (1.30–1.80) | 1.25 (1.05–1.48) | 1.70 (1.44–2.00) | 2.11 (1.73–2.57) | 3.30 (2.08–5.23) |
| 2 | 1.63 (1.42–1.87) | 1.28 (1.05–1.55) | 1.74 (1.42–2.14) | 1.72 (1.40–2.10) | 2.54 (2.09–3.07) | 3.55 (2.86–4.42) | 7.96 (5.09–12.45) |
| 3 | 2.48 (2.09–2.93) | 1.60 (1.24–2.07) | 2.26 (1.75–2.91) | 2.19 (1.72–2.79) | 2.98 (2.34–3.79) | 4.21 (3.25–5.46) | 15.50 (9.79–24.55) |
| > 3 | 3.03 (2.57–3.57) | 1.68 (1.32–2.15) | 3.67 (2.90–4.64) | 3.14 (2.50–3.95) | 5.71 (4.61–7.08) | 9.74(7.74–12.26) | 48.53 (31.98–76.65) |
ACE: adverse childhood experience; CI: confidence interval.
a Albania, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania, Russian Federation, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey.
b Country of survey was included in the first stratum of the hierarchical binomial logistic regression model. Country effects were significant for all of the health-harming behaviours investigated.