Table 4.

Associations of maternal fruits and vegetables consumption during pregnancy and infant birth weight or risk of small for gestational age births in women from countries with a medium or high Human Development Index

Reference	Analysis	Outcome	Vegetables		Fruits
			Daily intake	Results	Daily intake	Results
Loy et al 201135	Multiple linear regression analyses	Birth weight	48.2 g/day (sum of median intakes by type of vegetable)	No significant association with total vegetable intake or intake of any subgroup of vegetables; change of −1.2–1.2 g of birth weight per additional 10 g vegetable by type/day (P>0.05)	147 g/day (median)	Increase of 1.9 g of birth weight per additional 10 g fruit/day during pregnancy (P=0.04)
Kanade et al 200834	Multiple regression analysis	Birth weight	At 18 weeks’ gestation: 36% consumed <1 time on alternate days, 35% consumed <1 time/day, 29% consumed ≥1 time/day	No significant association at 18 or 28 weeks’ gestation (data not shown)	At 18 weeks’ gestation: 24% consumed <1 time/week, 70% consumed <1 time/week, 6% consumed ≥1 time/day	No significant association at 18 weeks (P=0.34); no significant association at 28 weeks (data not shown)
Rao et al 200114	Multiple regression analysis	Birth weight	At 28 weeks’ gestation: 10% never consumed, 29% consumed <1 time/week, 37% consumed >1 time/week, 24% consumed ≥ alternate days	Increase of 19.4 g (95% CI 8–30; P<0.001) per additional weekly serving at 28 weeks’ gestation; no significant association at 18 weeks	At 28 weeks’ gestation: 7% consumed <1 time/week, 60% consumed >1 time/week, 33% consumed ≥1 time/day	No significant association: increase of 4 g of birth weight (95% CI −1–10; P=0.12) per additional weekly serving at 28 weeks’ gestation; no significant association at 18 weeks
Hassan et al 201133	Analysis of variance	Birth weight	Second trimester, mothers of boys: 2% 1 time/week, 28% 2 times/week, 70% alternate/every day Second trimester, mothers of girls: 3% 1 time/week, 29% 2 times/week, 68% alternate/every day	Increased frequency of intake in second trimester associated with higher birth weight for boys (3.33±0.11 kg, 3.02±0.43 kg, 3.40±0.47 kg; P<0.001) and girls (2.74±0.91 kg, 3.08±0.39 kg, 3.24±0.43 kg; P=0.029) Increased frequency of intake in third trimester associated with higher birth weight for boys (3.05±0.39 kg, 3.24±0.48 kg, 3.44±0.48 kg; P<0.001); no association for girls (3.13±0.52 kg, 3.19±0.38 kg, 3.21±0.49 kg; P=0.409)	Second trimester, mothers of boys: 12% 1 time/week, 29% 2 times/week, 59% alternate/every day Second trimester, mothers of girls: 21% 1 time/week, 32% 2 times/week, 47% alternate/every day	Increased frequency of intake in second trimester associated with higher birth weight for boys (2.83±0.34 kg, 3.17±0.49 kg, 3.45±0.43 kg; P<0.001) and girls (2.82±0.39 kg, 3.18±0.45 kg, 3.33±0.37 kg; P,0.001) Increased frequency of intake in third trimester associated with higher birth weight for boys (3.12±0.34 kg, 3.29±0.52 kg, 3.46±0.50 kg; P=0.026) and girls (3.02±0.26 kg, 3.15±0.53 kg, 3.64±0.42 kg; P<0.001)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval.