Table 1.
Maternal and fetal arterial parameters and growth characteristics.
| Control | Hypoglycemic | HG + INS | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 73.9 ± 3.3 | 32.3 ± 3.5*** | 32.3 ± 2.7*** |
| Fetal | |||
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 22.1 ± 2.0 | 8.7 ± 0.9*** | 7.6 ± 0.3*** |
| Plasma insulin (ng/mL) | 0.46 ± 0.09 | 0.16 ± 0.03* | 0.66 ± 0.17# |
| Plasma IGF‐1 (ng/mL) | 30.4 ± 6.7 | 13.2 ± 1.8* | 16.5 ± 3.1* |
| Plasma norepinephrine (pg/mL) | 464.3 ± 18.9 | 549.3 ± 158.7 | 843.1 ± 177.2 |
| Oxygen content (mmol/L) | 3.58 ± 0.12 | 3.22 ± 0.26* | 1.75 ± 0.59* # |
| Gestational age (days) | 133.2 ± 1.1 | 133.0 ± 1.3 | 134.5 ± 0.9 |
| Total weight (gm) | 3662 ± 122 | 2204 ± 137** | 2611 ± 214** |
| Carcass weight (gm) | 2754 ± 97 | 1654 ± 110** | 1662 ± 33.8** |
| Crown‐rump length (cm) | 49.2 ± 1.3 | 43.5 ± 0.6* | 43.0 ± 1.2* |
| Lower limb length (cm) | 35.3 ± 1.2 | 30.1 ± 1.4* | 29.9 ± 1.3* |
Data from the end of the study are shown as means ± SE for control (n =5), hypoglycemic (n =5), and hypoglycemic + insulin (HG + INS, n =4).
*, **, *** refer to P values <0.05, 0.001, and 0.0001 versus control. # refers to P value <0.05 versus HG.