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. 2014 Oct 24;9(10):e109531. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109531

Figure 10. Hypothesized TLR3 RNA-sensing system.

Figure 10

(A) Extracellular dsRNA binds SR-A or raftlin on cell surface and enters via endocytosis. (B) SR-A communicates a negative signal to endosomal TLR3, which binds dsRNA and induces TNF-α production via TRIF. (C) Raftlin communicates a positive signal to endosomal TLR3, which binds dsRNA and induces TNF-α production via TRIF. (D) dsRNA escapes the endosome and is detected in the cytoplasm by MDA5 and/or RIG-I, which induces IFN-β production via IPS-1 without TLR3 signaling.