Table 1.

Association of human papilloma virus with ocular surface squamous neoplasia

Study details	HPV positivity
	Intraepithelial neoplasia	Invasive carcinoma	Control
HPV was tested by PCR in 418 patients from Uganda. The risk of OSSN was increased with multiple HPV genotype infection (OR 18.3; 95% CI 6.2–54.4) versus single HPV genotype infection (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.2–4.4). HPV 5 and 8 were the most common serotypes detected [24•]	41% cutaneous HPV*	45% cutaneous HPV*	11% cutaneous HPV*
Ten consecutive patients with conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia in the United States [25]	100% (50% HPV 16 and 50% HPV 18)	NA	NA
Thirty-eight HIV-infected patients with OSSN from Kenya and Uganda tested for HPV by PCR [26•]	61% HPV 18 and 16% double genotype HPV 16 + 18
Fourteen conjunctival carcinoma samples at autopsy tested for HPV by highly sensitive nonradioactive in-situ hybridization technique in a study from Tanzania [27]	93% HPV 18, 86% HPV 16 and HPV 6/11
Thirty-two patients with OSSN from Germany tested for HPV by PCR [29•]	0%
Report of 60 patients from Uganda with conjunctival carcinoma, compared to 1214 controls tested for anti-HPV 16, 18 and 45 antibodies. The presence of anti-HPV-16 antibodies was not significantly associated with OSSN (OR 1.5; 95% CI 0.5–4.3; P = 0.5) [30]	NA	21% HPV 16. 10% HPV 18 and 5% HPV 45	10% HPV 16, 4% HPV 18 and 6% HPV 45

CI, confidence interval; HPV, human papilloma virus; OR, odds ratio; OSSN, ocular surface squamous neoplasia.