Table 3.
Major compounds identified in propolis resin
| Chemical groups | Compounds |
| Alcohols | Benzene methanol, cinnamyl alcohol, glycerol, α-glycerol phosphate, hydroquinone, isobutenol, phenethyl alcohol |
| Aldehydes | Benzaldehyde, caproic aldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, isovanillin, vanillin |
| Aliphatic acids and aliphatic esters | Acetic acid, angelic acid, butyric acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, isobutyric acid, methylbutyric acid, isobutyl acetate, isopentyl acetate |
| Amino acids | Alanine, β-alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine |
| Aromatic acids | Benzoic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic, coumaric, acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isoferulic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid |
| Aromatic esters | Benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl caffeate, benzyl coumarate, benzyl ferulate, benzyl isoferulate, benzyl salicylate, butenyl caffeate, butyl caffeate, cinnamyl benzoate, cinnamyl caffeate, ethyl benzoate |
| Chalcones | Alpinetin chalcone, naringenin chalcone, pinobanksin chalcone, pinocembrin chalcone, sakuranetin chalcone |
| Flavanones | Naringenin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate, pinobanksin-3-butyrate, pinobanksin-3-hexanoate, pinobanksin-3-methyl ether, pinobanksin-3-pentanoate |
| Flavones and flavonols | Acacetin, apigenin, apigenin-7-methyl ether, galagin, galagin-3-methyl ether, izalpinin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, ramnetin, ramnocitrin |
| Waxy acids | Arachid acid, behenic acid, cerotic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, lignoceric acid, montanic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid |
| Ketones | Acetophenone, dihydroxy-acetophenone, methylacetophenone |
| Terpenoids and other compounds | α-acetoxybetulenol, β-bisabolol, 1,8-cineole, α-copaene, cymene, limonene, styrene, xanthorreol, naphthalene, sesquiterpene alcohol, sesquiterpene diol |
| Steroids | Calinasterol acetate, b-dihydrofucosterol acetate, ucosterol acetate, stigmasterol acetate |
| Sugars | Fructofuranose, α-D-glucopyranose, β-D-glucopyranose |