Table 2.

Factors associated with LBP

Variable	Odds Ratio (95% C.I.)
Age > 44.85	0.8 (0.5–1.2)
Female gender	1.2 (0.7–1.9)
Being married	0.9 (0.6–1.5)
Black (African) descent	1.7 (1.1–2.7)*
BMI > 29	1.3 (0.8–1.9)
Fair or poor perceived general health	2.4 (1.5–3.7)*
Health compared to 1 year ago Better Same Worse	0.4 (0.3–0.8)† 0.3 (0.2–0.6)† 1.0
Smoking	1.4 (0.9–2.3)
Any type of co-morbidity	1.8 (1.2–.2.9)*
Using any type of pain medication	1.6 (1.0–2.4)*
Physical fitness (cumulative score)	1.4 (0.9–2.2)
K10 score > 27	2.8 (1.8–4.5)*
Chronic LBP and K10 score††	2.3 (1.2–4.2)*
Treatment satisfaction	1.3 (0.8–1.9)
Lifting, pushing, pulling, carrying > 20 kg	3.3 (1.2–8.5)*
Prolonged kneeling, squatting	3.4 (1.1–10.4)*
Driving	1.3 (0.5–3.8)
Working with vibrating tools	2.1 (0.8–6.0)

^*Significant association between variable and LBP, OR ≥ than 1.0

^†Significant protective factor for LBP

^††Chronic LBP defined as: longest episode of LBP > 1 month or > 5 episodes of LBP in the past year