Table 4.
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Scores by Demographic and Lifestyle Characteristics
| EES Score | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | p-value | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18 | 7.44 | 2.84 | 0.635 |
| 19 | 7.56 | 3.35 | |
| 20 | 7.54 | 3.33 | |
| 21 | 7.57 | 3.47 | |
| ≥ 22 | 7.79 | 3.52 | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 7.68 | 3.32 | 0.037 |
| Male | 7.40 | 3.50 | |
| Cigarette smoking status | |||
| Never | 7.54 | 3.36 | 0.059 |
| Former | 8.11 | 3.53 | |
| Current | 8.05 | 3.56 | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| <1 drink/month | 7.46 | 3.39 | 0.009 |
| 1–19 drinks/month | 7.84 | 3.32 | |
| ≥ 20 drinks/month | 8.12 | 3.65 | |
| Obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2) | |||
| No | 7.62 | 3.39 | 0.016 |
| Yes | 6.96 | 3.09 | |
| Any physical activity | |||
| No | 7.18 | 3.45 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 7.70 | 3.34 | |