Table 5.
Evening Chronotype and Daytime Sleepiness in Relation to Stimulant Use
| Evening Chronotype | Daytime Sleepiness | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (N=378) |
No (N=544) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) |
Yes (N=831) |
No (N=2,152) |
Unadjusted OR (95% I) |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) |
|
| Any stimulant beverages | % | % | % | % | ||||
| No | 29.6 | 54.6 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 38.6 | 43.7 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 70.4 | 45.4 | 2.86 (2.16–3.77) | 2.68 (2.01,3.58) | 61.4 | 56.3 | 1.24 (1.05–1.45) | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) |
| Type of beverage | ||||||||
| Coffee | 32.5 | 19.1 | 2.04 (1.51–2.76) | 1.95 (1.42–2.67) | 26.2 | 25.0 | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) | 1.07 (0.89–1.29) |
| Tea | 57.4 | 37.1 | 2.28 (1.75–2.98) | 2.31 (1.75–3.05) | 51.3 | 46.1 | 1.23 (1.05–1.45) | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) |
| Coke/Pepsi with sugar | 57.1 | 31.4 | 2.91 (2.22–3.82) | 2.70 (2.03–3.58) | 49.2 | 43.1 | 1.28 (1.09–1.50) | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) |
| Coke/Pepsi sugar free | 19.8 | 8.3 | 2.75 (1.847–4.08) | 2.66 (1.77–4.00) | 14.7 | 11.1 | 1.38 (1.09–1.74) | 1.39 (1.10–1.76) |
| M 100/M 150 | 11.6 | 2.9 | 4.35 (2.41–7.83) | 3.50 (1.90–6.44) | 7.9 | 5.3 | 1.56 (1.14–2.13) | 1.52 (1.10–2.11) |
| Red Bull | 4.8 | 1.7 | 2.97 (1.32–6.69) | 2.39 (1.02–5.58) | 3.9 | 2.2 | 1.76 (1.11–2.77) | 1.72 (1.08–2.75) |
| Other Energy Drinks* | 3.4 | 0.9 | 3.84 (1.36–10.86) | 2.90 (0.98–8.62) | 2.8 | 1.6 | 1.72 (1.01–2.93) | 1.67 (0.97–2.88) |
| Number of different types of stimulants/week | ||||||||
| 0 | 29.6 | 54.6 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 38.6 | 43.7 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1 | 8.5 | 11.0 | 1.41 (0.87–2.29) | 1.21 (0.73–2.00) | 8.8 | 9.5 | 1.04 (0.78–1.40) | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) |
| 2 | 22.2 | 15.3 | 2.68 (1.85–3.90) | 2.65 (1.81–3.90) | 18.5 | 18.8 | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | 1.10 (0.87–1.38) |
| ≥3 | 39.7 | 19.1 | 3.83 (2.75–5.327) | 3.65 (2.58–5.16) | 34.1 | 27.9 | 1.38 (1.14–1.67) | 1.37 (1.13–1.67) |
*
Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, and physical activity