Table 2.
Pharmacological facilitation or rescue of extinction produced by directly targeting the mPFC–amygdala circuitry or associated with functional changes in the circuitry
| Pharmacological manipulation | Relevance to mPFC–amygdala circuit | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| L-DOPA | mPFC activation, CeM deactivation | Haaker et al., 2013 |
| Noradrenaline | Intra-BLA infusion | Fiorenza et al., 2012 |
| β-adrenoceptor agonist | Intra-infralimbic cortex infusion | Do Monte et al., 2010 |
| 5-HT re-uptake inhibition | Decreased BLA perineuronal nets | Karpova et al., 2012 |
| Methylene blue | Increased mPFC activity | Wrubel et al., 2007 |
| 5-HT1A agonism | Increased mPFC dopamine | Saito et al., 2013 |
| GABAA agonism | Intra-infralimbic cortex or intra-BLA infusion | Akirav et al., 2006 |
| GABAA antagonism | Intra-infralimbic cortex or intra-BLA infusion | Berlau and McGaugh, 2006; Thompson et al., 2010; Chang and Maren, 2011; Fitzgerald et al., 2014 |
| AMPA receptor agonist | Intra-mPFC or intra-BLA infusion | Zushida et al., 2007 |
| mGluA7 agonism | Intra-BLA infusion | Morawska and Fendt, 2012; Dobi et al., 2013 |
| mGluA5 antagonism | Intra-BLA infusion | Mao et al., 2013 |
| GluN2B antagonism | Normalized mPFC synaptic plasticity | Iafrati et al., 2013 |
| GluN2C/D potentiator | Intra-BLA infusion | Ogden et al., 2014 |
| Glycine re-uptake inhibition | Intra-BLA infusion | Mao et al., 2009 |
| NMDA receptor partial agonism | Intra-BLA infusion | Walker et al., 2002; Ledgerwood et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2006; Akirav et al., 2009; Baker et al., 2012; Toth et al., 2012a |
| Ginkgo biloba extract | Intra-BLA | Yang et al., 2009 |
| Glucocorticoid agonism | Intra-BLA | Yang et al., 2006 |
| NPS | Intra-BLA infusion, increased ICN inputs | Jungling et al., 2008; Chauveau et al., 2012 |
| Oxytocin | Intra-infralimbic cortex infusion | Likhtik et al., 2008 |
| CB1 receptor agonism | Intra-BLA or intra-mPFC infusion | Lin et al., 2006; 2009b; Do Monte et al., 2013; Ganon-Elazar and Akirav, 2013 |
| FAAH inhibition | Intra-BLA infusion, enhanced BLA synaptic plasticity | Gunduz-Cinar et al., 2013 |
| TrkB agonism, BDNF | Increased mPFC BDNF expression, BLA TrkB activity, BDNF inputs to infralimbic cortex | Peters et al., 2010; Andero et al., 2011; Baker-Andresen et al., 2013 |
| Brain magnesium increaser | Enhanced mPFC synaptic plasticity | Abumaria et al., 2011 |
| FGF-2 | Intra-BLA | Graham and Richardson, 2011b |
| Dietary zinc deficiency | Normalized infralimbic cortex/BLA/CeL/CeM activation | Whittle et al., 2010 |
| Valproic acid | Increased mPFC BDNF expression | Bredy and Barad, 2008 |
| HAT inhibition | Intra-infralimbic cortex infusion, enhanced mPFC synaptic plasticity | Marek et al., 2011 |
| Histamine metabolism inhibitor | Intra-BLA or mPFC infusion | Fiorenza et al., 2012 |
| Muscarinic agonism | Intra-mPFC infusion | Santini et al., 2012 |