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. 2014 Sep 8;111(40):14484–14488. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1409585111

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Horns are stiffer under species-specific fighting loads. In all three species, total strain energies from finite element models were lower under typical loading conditions (bold) compared with atypical loading conditions (not bold), indicating that horns are stiffer and thus more effective at transmitting forces to dislodge opponents during species-specific fights.