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Variation in horn performance is attributed to different cross-sectional morphologies. 3D finite element models and outlines from transverse micro-CT slices from the middle of each horn. The cross-sectional morphology of horns is triangular in Trypoxylus (A), elliptical in Dynastes (B), and circular in Golofa (C), as predicted if horns are adapted to resist deflection under their typical fighting loads.
