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Physical origin of QSH states on Si substrate. (A) The partial DOS projected onto px, py, and pz orbitals of Bi, and the total DOS of neighboring Si atoms for Bi@Cl-Si(111). (B) The calculated Wannier functions characterized by s, px, py, and pz orbitals of freestanding hexagonal lattice of Bi, with only px and py located near Fermi level. (C) Illustration of hexagonal lattice made of px and py orbitals on each site.
