Table 1. Summary of Included Study Characteristics and Findings.

Author, Year	Setting	Participants	Randomized; Analyzed	Intervention Description	Theoretical Basis	AttentionControlled	Framework Classification*	Summary of Findings and Follow-up	Outcomes Contributed toMeta-Analysis
[22] Sahler, 2013	Multiple academic centers, USA	Mothers of children recently diagnosed with cancer; mean age 37; 43% white, 43% Hispanic	309; 191	8 weekly, 1-hr individual manualized, problem-solving skills training sessions	Five-step cognitive behavioral intervention designed to empower individuals through use of coping strategies and skills	Yes; non-directive support and reflective listening	Trauma, Directed, Specific, Universal	Continued, significant improvements in problem-solving skills, mood, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress at 3 months follow-up compared to non-directive support control	Depression, Stress
[23] Rose, 2013	Large University, USA	Volunteer, reimbursed graduate students with score of 16 or greater on Perceived Stress Scale; 50% male; 32% Asian	66; 59	6 weekly, 40-min, self-guided, computer-based, virtual resiliency training and homework/practice assignments with weekly calls/emails	Stress management training, cognitive behavioral approaches including thought activities and cognitive flexibility	Yes; stress-related videos and readings; with reminder emails/phone calls	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Immediately post-test, improved amount of and control over stress in intervention group compared to educational attention control; intervention was rated as useful	Resilience, Stress
[24] Varker, 2012	Australian community	Compensated community volunteers; age 28; 56% female	82; 78	Single, 40 minute group session of stress inoculation training; included desensitization to car crash images and applied tension techniques	Stress inoculation training based on current understanding of PTSD	Yes; single session of pragmatic accident management training	Trauma, Directed, Specific, Universal	Analogue trial showed no significant difference in post-video distress but some improvement in affect at 1 month follow-up in MANOVA analysis	Depression, Stress
[12], [25] Songprakun, 2012	Outpatient psych hospital in Thailand	Moderately depressed Thai patients; age 42; 73% female	56; 53	8-week, resilience-focused self-help guide book with readings, homework, and weekly phone calls	Cognitive behavioral basis focusing on 4 resilience concepts to deal with depression	No; standard depression care only	General, Directed, Specific, Indicated	Significant improvement in resilience as add-on therapy in depressed Thai patients at 3 months follow-up	Resilience, Depression
[26] Petree, 2012	Restaurant franchises in Texas and Illinois	Young restaurant workers; age22; 52% female	28 restaurants and 485 workers randomized	3-day workshop, 2 hrs each day; focused on building team resilience	Focused on “five Cs” of resilience; modified for young adult perspective	No; no intervention	General, Directed, Specific, Universal	At 6 and 12 months follow-up, no significant difference in stress and problems with coworkers; outcomes were measured in different cohort than randomized	None
[27] Sood, 2011	Academic medical center	Department of Medicine faculty members; age 48; 47% female	40; 32	Individual, single, 90 minute session focused on attention training, deep breathing; optional follow-up session	Adapted from Attention and Interpretation Therapy; focuses on novelty of the world and living life with higher principles	No; wait list control	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Significant improvement in resiliency, perceived stress, anxiety, and quality of life at 8 weeks of follow-up	Resilience, Quality of Life, Stress
[28] Loprinzi, 2011	Academic medical center, USA	Breast cancer survivors serving as peer mentors; age 61	24; 20	2, 90-minute small group sessions for attention training and relaxation, one optional 45 minute individual session and 3 follow-up calls over 12 wks	Adapted from Attention and Interpretation Therapy; focuses on novelty of the world and living life with higher principles	No; wait list control	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Significant improvement in resilience, stress, anxiety, and quality of life at 3 months of follow-up	Resilience, Quality of Life, Stress
[29] Kent, 2011	VA Health System, USA	US Veterans with PTSD; age 54; 33%female	39; 39	12, manualized, weekly, 90-min group sessions to introduce concept of resilience, build self-awareness, test against stressors	Emphasizes a capacity-building approach to foster resilience resources that can be drawn upon	No; wait list control	Trauma, Directed, Broad, Indicated	Significant improvement in many affective symptoms and in emotional health immediately post-intervention	Depression, Stress
[30] Luthans, 2010	Large, Midwestern University, USA	Advanced management students; age 21; 42% female	NR; 153 in intervention and 89 in control	Single, 2-hr group training session with exercises and discussions to impact efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience	Based on the construct of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) and developing its four loading capacity states	Yes; well-matched group decision-making intervention	General, Mediated, Broad, Universal	Significant and large improvement in Psychological Capital (PsyCap) at 3 days follow up in intervention group; res	None
[33] Grant, 2010	Independent girls school in Australia	High school educational workforce volunteers; age 43; 70% female	50; 44	10 individual coaching sessions over 20 weeks using GROW (goal, reality, options, way forward) model to structure conversations	Cognitive behavioral, solution-focused coaching based on self-leadership and role support plays in building resilience	No; wait list control	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Increased goal attainment, reduced stress, and enhanced workplace well-being and resilience immediately post-intervention	Resilience, Depression, Stress, Anxiety
[31] Farchi, 2010	City in Israel during active war and bombing	Adult residents of Siderot, Israel; about 70% female	NR; 68	2 phone calls 1 wk apart that asked participants to refute 6 challenging sentences	Based on use of psychological inoculation to build resilience and coping efficacy	Yes; 2 phone calls asking about coping strategies used	Trauma, Directed, Broad, Universal	No significant difference at 1 wk of follow-up in mental resilience outcomes	None
[32] Dolbier, 2010	Large University, USA	Compensated student volunteers; age 21; 84% female; 25% Hispanic, 22% Asian	64; 38	4 weekly, 2 hr classroom sessions focused on transforming stress into resilience through empowering interpretations	Based on concept of stress-related growth, uses IFS model, CBT, transactional model of stress and coping and resilience models	No; wait list control	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Evaluated reactions to remembered stressful events on stress-related growth; found no significant effect at 1 week of follow-up	None
[37] Kanekar, 2009	Midwestern University, USA	Asian-Indian volunteer students recently moving to US from India; age 25; 13% female	60; 39	3, self-directed online sessions to be completed over 2 months focusing on social support, hardiness, and acculturation	Based on previous research suggesting social support, hardiness, and acculturation predicted mental health in Indian students	Yes; similar format focusing on general health awareness and wellness	General, Directed, Specific, Universal	Immediate post-test improvement in psychological distress but no change in social support, hardiness, or acculturation	Resilience
[36] Grant, 2009	Public health nursing agency in Australia	Executives and senior managers in leadership development program; age 50; 93% female	50; 40	Individualized feedback, one half-day training workshop, then 4 individual sessions over 8–10 wks from executive coaches	Solution-focused, cognitive behavioral coaching using GROW model and applied positive psychology	No; control had the leadership workshop but no coaching sessions	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Significant improvement in goal attainment, resilience, andworkplace well-being immediately post-intervention but not in anxiety or stress	Resilience, Depression, Stress, Anxiety
[35] Arnetz, 2009	Police academy in Sweden	Young, male, rookie Swedish police officers in parent study	25; 18	Initial psychoeducational session then 10 weekly, 2-hr group sessions for relaxation, imagery training, skill rehearsal; tapes for home practice	Stress inoculation training through imaginal exposure and visual motor behavioral rehearsal	No; typical police training	Trauma, Directed, Specific, Universal	After 1 year, improved psychophysiological stress and police work performance after robust, live critical incident simulation; no outcomes at shorter follow-up	None
[34] Abbott, 2009	Industrial organization in Australia	Sales manager volunteers; age 43; 14% female	53; 53	10 week, online, self-directed program using video, slides, virtual partners; also emails and a conference call	Focuses on emotion regulation, impulse control, optimism, causal analysis, empathy, self-efficacy, reaching out	No; wait list control	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Half the sample was lost to follow-up but did ITT analysis; no significant difference immediately post-intervention between groups in mental health, QOL, or work performance; program well-accepted by completers	Quality of Life, Depression, Stress, Anxiety
[38] Steinhardt, 2008	Major University, USA	Compensated undergraduate and graduate students; age 21; 82% female; 26% Asian, 20% Hispanic	64; 57	4 weekly, 2-hr classroom sessions during final weeks of class; focus on transforming stress into resilience	Uses cognitive behavioral therapy drawing on transactional model of stress and coping and resilience and thriving models	No; wait list control	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Significant improvement in resilience and coping immediately post-intervention and improved mental health symptomatology compared to control in MANOVA analysis	Resilience, Depression, Stress
[39] Luthans, 2008	Diverse industries through University contacts	Diverse sample of working adult volunteers; age 32; 89% white	NR; 364	2, 45-min, self-directed, web-based sessions 1 wk apart with narrated slides, reflection exercises, goal-setting	Based on Psychological Capital model and focuses on developing states of hope, optimism, efficacy, and resilience	Yes; attention-matched program focusing on decision making exercises	General, Mediated, Broad, Universal	Statistically significant but small improvement in PsyCap post-intervention compared to control	None
[40] Bradshaw, 2007	Academic diabetes center	Type 2 diabetes patients; age 59, 65% female; 90% white	200 randomized prior to invitation; 67 accepted; 51 analyzed	10, 90-min training classes 2x/wk for 5 wks held in the hospital	Modules focused on psychosocial enrichment, exploring functions to fortify mind, body, spirit	No; standard diabetes care	General, Directed, Specific, Universal	No significant improvement at 3 months in psychophysiological outcomes, although knowledge of coping strategies increased; outcomes not reported in fashion suitable for meta-analysis	None
[41] Waite, 2004	Government organization, USA	Members of work units in tax processing division; 84% female, 90% white	232 cluster randomized; 150 analyzed	5, weekly, 7-hr group sessions using Chi, quanta, practical experiences and skills	Focused on mental and spiritual health, development of understanding of disruptions	No; potential contamination with control work units	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Significant improvement in resilience and psychological outcomes post-test; were maintained at 10 wks follow-up	Resilience, Self-efficacy
[14] Schachman, 2004	Air Force Base, USA	Primigravid military wives in childbirth class; age 21, 76% white	111; 91	Weekly group meetings x4 as part of traditional child birth course; small group and role play activities	Based on resilience model; sought to identify internal and external resources	Yes; attention-matched traditional classes	General, Directed, Specific, Universal	Significant and large improvement in resilience immediately post-intervention but not maintained 6 wks postpartum. Improved maternal role adaptation.	Resilience
[13] Sadow, 1993	Domiciliary for homeless veterans; USA	Substance-abusing homeless vets; likely all men	NR; 96	6 week program using metaphor of a scientist trying to make sense of life events	Psychoeducational instruction based on a resiliency training model, developing internal locus of control	Yes; program focused on verbal and written skills training	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Significant but small improvement at 6 wks of follow-up in self-efficacy and internality of locus of control	Self-efficacy
[42] Bekki, 2013	Major Universities in USA	Compensated female doctoral students in physical sciences and engineering; age 27; 17% Asian	176; 134	Self-directed, web-based program explored for 5 hrs over 2 wks; uses case studies, video interviews	Problem-solving model; resilience and self-efficacy and cognitive behavioral theories	No; wait list control	General, Directed, Specific, Universal	Significant and large improvement immediately post-test in problem-solving knowledge, resilience, and coping efficacy compared to control	Resilience, Self-efficacy
Sharma, unpublished	Academic medical center, USA	Irritable bowel syndrome patients	23; 23 (interim analysis)	24 wk program with initial, individual training session, 6 handouts over next 12 wks; phone calls every 4 wks	Stress management and resilience training based on Attention Interpretation Training, mind-body approaches, transactional model of stress and coping	Somewhat; given stress management DVD and follow-up phone calls	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	Lost 3 to follow-up; interim ITT analysis half-way through intervention (12 wks) shows no significant difference in mental health or resilience outcomes	Resilience, Quality of Life, Stress, Anxiety
[49] Burton, unpublished	Single center, Australia	Worksite volunteers within a government department, clustered by occupation; age 45; 98% female	55 cluster randomized by occupation work site and geographic location; 46 analyzed	10 2.5 hr group sessions over 13 weeks targeting psychosocial well-being; involved psychoeducation, discussion, experiential learning, and home assignments with workbook; third arm not analyzed here added promotion of physical activity	Cognitive behavioral therapy based on six core Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes	No, wait list control	General, Directed, Broad, Universal	At 1 month of follow up, no significant difference in most outcomes. A third arm not analyzed here involved the addition of physical activity to intervention and showed similar results. CHD risk indicators and physical activity also measured but not sought for this review.	Resilience, Depression, Stress, Anxiety

*Refers to operational framework presented in Figure 1. General = general stress-directed; Trauma = trauma-induced stress-directed; Directed = resilience-directed; Mediated = resilience-mediated; Broad = designed for broad/multiple populations; Specific = designed for specific/single populations; Universal = intended for universal application; Indicated = intended for “as needed” application

NR = not reported.