Table 1. Characteristics of the HIV- and HIV+ groups.
| Characteristic | HIV- a | HIV+ a | DoF | Statistic b | P-value | Effect Size c | Significance |
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||||
| Number of Participants | 19 | 21 | 1.00 | χ2 = 0.03 | 0.87 | ||
| Gender (M/F) | 18/1 | 19/2 | 1.00 | χ2≈0 | 1.00 | ||
| Sexual Orientation (MSM/Heterosexual) | 5/14 | 18/3 | 1.00 | χ2 = 12.07 | <0.001 | *** | |
| Handedness (R/L) | 18/1 | 18/3 | 1.00 | χ2 = 0.18 | 0.67 | ||
| Age at time of scanning (years) | 38.1±2.5 (23–54) | 40.8±2.6 (23–58) | 37.99 | t = −0.74 | 0.46 | ||
| Years of education | 14.4±0.5 (11–20) | 13.8±0.5 (9–18) | 37.97 | t = 0.85 | 0.40 | ||
| Days between initial and scanning visits† | 58±37.1 (19–124) | 77±44.5 (23–733) | NA | W = 135.5 | 0.09 | g = 0.34 | |
| Ethnicity (%) | 3.00 | χ2 = 3.85 | 0.28 | ||||
| African-American | 2.5 | 12.5 | |||||
| Hispanic | 12.5 | 10 | |||||
| Other | 0 | 2.5 | |||||
| White | 32.5 | 27.5 | |||||
| Scanner (n) | 1.00 | χ2 = 5.05 | 0.02 | ||||
| East | 10 | 3 | |||||
| West | 9 | 18 | |||||
| Dates of scan acquisition d | |||||||
| East | 2011/02/03–2011/08/10 | 2010/06/05–2010/08/14 | |||||
| West | 2011/04/01–2012/04/04 | 2011/01/03–2012/03/19 | |||||
| Psychiatric Characteristics | |||||||
| Wide Range Achievement Test | 106.1±2.7 (94–134) | 99.7±2.2 (85–134) | 35.81 | t = 1.85 | 0.07 | g = 0.60 | |
| Global Deficit Score† | 0.2±0.2 (0–1) | 0.3±0.3 (0–1.9) | NA | W = 151.5 | 0.20 | PS = 0.38 | |
| Global Deficit Score Impaired (n) | 3 | 7 | 1.00 | W = 0.84 | 0.36 | ||
| Speeded Information Processing | 51.8±1.9 (38.8–69.5) | 48.1±1.9 (31.5–63.8) | 37.95 | t = 1.38 | 0.17 | g = 0.40 | |
| Verbal Fluency | 49.2±1.9 (38–66.7) | 46.5±1.6 (35.3–64.7) | 35.92 | t = 1.10 | 0.28 | g = 0.30 | |
| Learning | 46.8±2.2 (20–58) | 42.3±1.6 (24.5–56) | 32.91 | t = 1.63 | 0.11 | g = 0.50 | |
| Working Memory | 51.7±2.3 (28.5–68) | 47±1.5 (33.5–59.5) | 31.28 | t = 1.68 | 0.10 | g = 0.50 | |
| Executive Functions | 51.1±2.2 (34.5–67.8) | 46±2 (29.2–68.5) | 37.07 | t = 1.7 | 0.10 | g = 0.50 | |
| Motor Skills | 52.4±2.4 (38–71.5) | 49.7±2.5 (33.5–72) | 38.00 | t = 0.78 | 0.44 | g = 0.20 | |
| BDI-II (at initial visit) | 1.7±0.6 (0–7) | 10.9±2.2 (0–35) | 22.53 | t = −4.07 | 0.00 | g = −1.3 | *** |
| BDI-II (at time of scan) | 1.7±0.8 (0–14) | 8.6±2 (0–35) | 25.71 | t = −3.16 | <0.01 | g = −1.00 | ** |
| POMS (at time of scan) | 55.8±3.3 (25–78) | 68.8±6.6 (27–146) | 29.02 | t = −1.75 | 0.09 | g = −0.50 | |
| Lifetime MDD Diagnosis (n) | 3 | 11 | 1.00 | χ2 = 4.37 | 0.04 | * | |
| Current MDD Diagnosis (n) | 0 | 5 | 1.00 | χ2 = 3.22 | 0.07 | ||
| Kalichman Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale | |||||||
| Sexual Sensation Seeking Scaled (Mean) | 1.8±0.1 (1.2–2.6) | 2.1±0.1 (1–3.3) | 34.04 | t = −1.79 | 0.08 | g = −0.60 | |
| Non Sexual Sensation Seeking Scaled (Mean) | 2.3±0.1 (1.5–3.5) | 2±0.1 (1.3–3) | 36.32 | t = 2.02 | 0.05 | g = −0.60 | * |
| Sexual Compulsivity Scaled (Mean) | 1.1±0 (1–1.6) | 1.4±0.1 (1–2.4) | 26.01 | t = −2.33 | 0.03 | g = −0.70 | * |
| Barratt Impulsiveness Scale | |||||||
| Total | 59.3±2.3 (46–79) | 61.1±2.4 (45–85) | 38.00 | t = −0.54 | 0.59 | ||
| Attentional Subscale | 15.3±0.7 (9–20) | 16.6±0.8 (9–22) | 37.86 | t = −1.16 | 0.25 | ||
| Motor Subscale | 18.1±0.8 (13–30) | 19.1±0.9 (13–27) | 37.96 | t = −0.84 | 0.41 | ||
| Non Planning Subscale | 26±1.2 (16–38) | 25.5±1.1 (16–38) | 37.05 | t = 0.32 | 0.75 | ||
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||||
| Duration of Infection (months) | Not applicable | 96.9±22.8 (1.6–318.1) | |||||
| Nadir CD4 Count† | Not applicable | 250±174.9 (3–763) | |||||
| Current CD4 Count† | Not applicable | 426±277.2 (81–1061) | |||||
| Plasma Viral Load (% Detectable) | Not applicable | 42.90 | |||||
| AIDS (%) | Not applicable | 47.60 | |||||
| ART Currently Prescribed (%) | Not applicable | 71.43 | |||||
| ART Past Use (%) | Not applicable | 9.52 | |||||
| ART Never Used (%) | Not applicable | 19.05 | |||||
| Current Substance Use Characteristics | |||||||
| Fagerström Test for NicotineDependence (Total Score) | 1.6±0.6 (0–8) | 1.8±0.6 (0–9) | 38 | t = −0.22 | 0.82 | ||
| Nicotine Dependence (%) | 0 | 5 (23.8) | 1 | χ2 = 3.22 | 0.07 | ||
| Alcohol Abuse (%) | 1 (5.3) | 0 | 1 | χ2≈0 | 0.96 | ||
| Alcohol Dependence | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Cannabis Abuse | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Cannabis Dependence | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Lifetime Substance Use Characteristics | |||||||
| Alcohol Abuse (%) | 5 (26.3) | 5 (23.8) | 1 | χ2≈0 | 1 | ||
| Alcohol Dependence (%) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (4.8) | 1 | χ2 = 0.01 | 0.93 | ||
| Cannabis Abuse (%) | 5 (26.3) | 4 (19.0) | 1 | χ2 = 0.03 | 0.86 | ||
| Cannabis Dependence (%) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 1 | χ2≈0 | 1 | ||
| Cocaine Abuse | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Cocaine Dependence | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Methamphetamine Abuse | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Methamphetamine Dependence | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Hallucinogen Abuse (%) | 1 (5.3) | 0 | 1 | χ2≈0 | 0.96 | ||
| Hallucinogen Dependence (%) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 1 | χ2≈0 | 1 | ||
| Inhalant Abuse | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Inhalant Dependence | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Opioid Abuse | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Opioid Dependence | 0 | 0 | |||||
| PCP Abuse | 0 | 0 | |||||
| PCP Dependence | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Sedative Abuse (%) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 1 | χ2≈0 | 1 | ||
| Sedative Dependence | 0 | 0 | |||||
| MDMA Abuse | 0 | 0 | |||||
| MDMA Dependence (%) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 1 | χ2≈0 | 1 | ||
a
Mean ± SEM (min - max) or median ± MAD (min - max) if indicated by †.
b
Statistic: W, Wilcox rank sum test; χ2, χ2 test for equality of proportions; t, Student’s T test.
c
Effect size: g, Hedge’s g; PS, probability of superiority.
d
Dates are in year/month/day format.
Abbreviations: SEM, standard error of the mean; MAD, median absolute deviation; MSM, men who have sex with men; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II, POMS, Profile of Mood States; MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; CD4, Cluster of Differentiation 4; AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; ART, Anti-retroviral therapy; MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine; DoF, degrees of freedom; NA, not applicable; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left. '*' p<0.05, '**' p<0.01.