Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients
| Controls | CKD | CKD stage 3 | CKD stages 4-5 | CKD stage 5D | p value | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n =559 | n =2445 | n =937 | n =820 | n =688 | CKD vs controls | Between CKD groups | |
| Male gender | 298 (53.3) | 1509 (61.7) | 621 (66.3) | 478 (58.3) | 409 (59.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 54.6 ± 11.5 | 57.9 ± 12.8 | 60.9 ± 11.4 | 58.7 ± 12.3 | 53.2 ± 13.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Clinical history | |||||||
| Familial history of CVD | 62 (11.1) | 213 (8.7) | 93 (9.9) | 73 (8.9) | 47 (6.8) | NS | NS |
| Current smoker | 109 (19.5) | 474 (19.4) | 177 (18.9) | 158 (19.3) | 175 (20.2) | NS | NS |
| Former smoker | 228 (40.8) | 862 (35.3) | 343 (36.6) | 279 (34.0) | 204 (34.9) | NS | NS |
| Hypertension | 197 (35.2) | 2183 (89.3) | 827 (88.3) | 766 (93.4) | 590 (85.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 61 (10.9) | 628 (25.7) | 258 (27.5) | 246 (30.0) | 124 (18.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 196 (35.1) | 1587 (64.9) | 657 (70.1) | 567 (69.1) | 363 (52.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CKD etiology | N/A | N/A | <0.001 | ||||
| Vascular | 471 (19.3) | 272 (29.1) | 128 (15.6) | 71 (10.3) | |||
| Glomerular | 381 (15.6) | 110 (11.8) | 150 (18.3) | 121 (17.6) | |||
| Diabetic | 351 (14.4) | 126 (13.5) | 145 (17.7) | 80 (11.6) | |||
| Tubulointerstitial | 287 (11.7) | 94 (10.4) | 100 (12.2) | 93 (13.5) | |||
| Cystic | 239 (9.8) | 58 (6.2) | 85 (10.4) | 96 (14.0) | |||
| Other | 307 (12.5) | 103 (10.6) | 102 (12.4) | 102 (14.8) | |||
| Unknown | 407 (16.7) | 172 (18.4) | 110 (13.4) | 125 (18.2) |
Data expressed in number (%) or mean value ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, NS not significant, N/A not assessed.