Table 5.
Factors associated with visual impairment and blindness
| Characteristics | Visual impairment | Blindness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| Demographic factors | ||||
| Region | ||||
| Terai | 5(50.0%) | 5203(50.7%) | 4(57.1%) | 5204(50.7%) |
| Hill | 5(50.0%) | 3131(30.5%) | 2(28.6%) | 3134(30.5%) |
| Mountain | 0(0%) | 1926(18.8%) | 1(14.3%) | 1925(18.8%) |
| Age group | ||||
| <5 years | 1 (10%) | 3884(37.9%) | 1(14.3%) | 3884(37.8%) |
| > = 5-10 years | 9(90.0%) | 6376(62.1) | 6(85.7%) | 6379(62.2%) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 2(20.0%) | 5086(49.6%) | 4(57.1%) | 5084(49.5%) |
| Male | 8(80.0%) | 5174(50.4%) | 3(42.9%) | 5179(50.5%) |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 6(60.0%) | 5231(51.0%) | 2(28.6%) | 5235(51.0%) |
| Buddhist | 1(10%) | 2706(26.4%) | 1(14.3%) | 2706(26.4%) |
| Christian | 1(10.0%) | 596(5.8%) | 1(14.3%) | 596(5.8%) |
| 0thers | 2(20.0%) | 1727(16.8%) | 3(42.9%) | 1726(16.8%) |
| History of marriage (Consanguinity) | ||||
| Yes | 0 | 1766(17.2%) | 2(28.6%) | 1764(17.2%) |
| No | 10(100%) | 8494(82.8%) | 5(71.4%) | 8499(99.9%) |
| Maternal factors | ||||
| Mothers education | ||||
| Literate | 4(40%) | 3846(37.5%) | 2(28.6%) | 3848(37.5%) |
| Illiterate | 6(60%) | 6414(62.5%) | 5(71.4%) | 6415(62.5%) |
| Mother’s smoking habit | ||||
| Yes | 6(60.0%) | 6405(62.4%) | 5(71.4%) | 6406(62.4%) |
| No | 4(40.0%) | 3855(37.6%) | 2(28.6%) | 3857(37.6%) |
| Mother’s alcohol habit | ||||
| Yes | 8(80%) | 8237(80.3%) | 5(71.4%) | 8240(80.3%) |
| No | 2(20%) | 2023(19.7%) | 2(28.6%) | 2023(19.7%) |
| ANC period | * | |||
| Uneventful | 6(60.0%) | 9107(88.8%) | 7(100%) | 9106(88.7%) |
| Eventful | 4(40.0%) | 1153(11.2%) | 0(0) | 1157(11.3%) |
| Biological factors | ||||
| Birth history | ||||
| Full term | 10(100%) | 10248(99.9%) | 7(100%) | 10251(99.9%) |
| Preterm | 0(0) | 12(.1%) | 0(0%) | 12(.1%) |
| Place of birth | ||||
| Home | 9(90%) | 9288(90.5%) | 7(100%) | 9290(90.5%) |
| HF | 1(10%) | 972(9.5%) | 0(0%) | 973(9.5) |
| Postnatal period | ||||
| Uneventful | 10(100%) | 10241(99.8%) | 7(100%) | 10244(99.8%) |
| Eventful | 0(0%) | 19(0.2%) | 0(0%) | 19(0.2%) |
| Immunization | ||||
| Yes | 10(100%) | 10147(98.9%) | 7(0.1%) | 10150(98.9%) |
| No | 0(0%) | 113(1.1%) | 0(0%) | 113(1.1%) |
| Systemic illness | *** | |||
| Yes | 1(4.8%) | 20(95.2%) | 0(0%) | 21(100%) |
| No | 9(0.1%) | 10240(99.9%) | 7(0.1%) | 10242(99.9%) |
| Previous ocular surgery/treatment | *** | *** | ||
| Yes | 1(2.2%) | 45(97.8%) | 4(8.7%) | 42(91.3%) |
| No | 9(0.1%) | 10215(99.9%) | 3(0.1%) | 10221(99.9%) |
Note: ***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05.