TABLE 2.
Association Between Census Division, Patient Characteristics, and Utilization of CT as the First Imaging Study for Children With Nephrolithiasis
| Base Model | Fully Adjusted Model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Census division | ||||
| South region | ||||
| West South Central | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| East South Central | 1.30* | 1.09–1.56 | 1.27* | 1.06–1.54 |
| South Atlantic | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 | 0.93 | 0.80–1.07 |
| Northeast Region | ||||
| New England | 0.50* | 0.40–0.64 | 0.48* | 0.37–0.62 |
| Middle Atlantic | 0.70* | 0.58–0.84 | 0.69* | 0.57–0.83 |
| Midwest region | ||||
| East North Central | 0.97 | 0.84–1.12 | 0.95 | 0.81–1.10 |
| West North Central | 1.24 | 0.99–1.54 | 1.22 | 0.98–1.53 |
| West region | ||||
| Mountain | 0.86 | 0.68–1.09 | 0.86 | 0.68–1.10 |
| Pacific | 0.69* | 0.57–0.82 | 0.71* | 0.59–0.86 |
| Year of evaluation | ||||
| 2003 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 2004 | 1.19 | 0.89–1.60 | 1.18 | 0.88–1.60 |
| 2005 | 1.36* | 1.03–1.79 | 1.30 | 0.98–1.73 |
| 2006 | 1.62* | 1.22–2.14 | 1.59* | 1.19–2.12 |
| 2007 | 1.68* | 1.29–2.19 | 1.62* | 1.23–2.13 |
| 2008 | 1.44* | 1.11–1.86 | 1.42* | 1.09–1.86 |
| 2009 | 1.40* | 1.09–1.80 | 1.35* | 1.04–1.76 |
| 2010 | 1.23 | 0.96–1.56 | 1.19 | 0.91–1.54 |
| 2011 | 1.01 | 0.79–1.3 | 0.96 | 0.74–1.24 |
| Age | ||||
| 2–5 years | Referent | Referent | ||
| 6–11 years | 3.68* | 2.81–4.81 | ||
| 12–17 years | 8.61* | 6.66–11.13 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Referent | Referent | ||
| Female | 1.13* | 1.03–1.24 | ||
| Insurance type | ||||
| HMO | Referent | Referent | ||
| POS | 1.15 | 0.96–1.38 | ||
| PPO | 1.11 | 0.98–1.26 | ||
| EPO | 0.83 | 0.57–1.24 | ||
| CDHP/HDHP | 1.15 | 0.90–1.46 | ||
West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. *P < .05. CDHP, consumer-driven health plan; EPO, exclusive provider organization; HDHP, high-deductible health plan; HMO, health maintenance organization; POS, point of service; PPO, preferred provider organization.