Table 5.
Percentages of children, middle-aged adults and postmenopausal women in Greece with usual dietary intakes below EAR, presented by age group and educational (parental in the case of children) level.
| Micronutrients | Children | Middle-Aged Adults | Postmenopausal Women | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9–10 Years Old | 11–13 Years Old | 40–60 Years Old | 50–75 Years Old | |||||||||||||
| ≤9 Years (N = 72) | 9–14 Years (N = 302) | >14 Years (N = 150) | p-Value ‡ | ≤9 Years (N = 95) | 9–14 Years (N = 362) | >14 Years (N = 119) | p-Value ‡ | ≤9 Years (N = 34) | 9–14 Years (N = 54) | >14 Years (N = 66) | p-Value ‡ | ≤9 Years (N = 95) | 9–14 Years (N = 75) | >14 Years (N = 44) | p-Value ‡ | |
| % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 74.6 b | 58.9 | 50.0 b | 0.003 | 60.6 b | 57.1 | 44.9 b | 0.036 | 57.9 | 53.8 | 46.0 | 0.610 | 88.3 | 86.5 | 90.9 | 0.771 |
| Copper (μg/day) | 6.0 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 0.406 | 7.4 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 0.572 | 26.3 | 33.3 | 22.0 | 0.488 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.317 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.567 | 5.3 ab | 0.8 a | 0.8 b | 0.006 | 15.8 | 20.5 | 14.0 | 0.711 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.077 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 34.3 | 29.3 | 31.5 | 0.693 | 29.8 | 31.0 | 25.4 | 0.512 | 100.0 ab | 69.2 a | 56.0 b | 0.002 | 88.2 | 75.3 | 75.0 | 0.059 |
| Potassium (g/day) | 98.5 | 97.3 | 99.3 | 0.343 | 97.9 | 98.6 | 99.2 | 0.732 | 100.0 | 92.3 | 98.0 | 0.237 | 100.0 | 98.6 | 100.0 | 0.392 |
| Selenium (μg/day) | 53.7 | 55.2 | 51.4 | 0.746 | 62.8 | 57.3 | 54.2 | 0.453 | 15.8 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 0.556 | 7.5 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 0.379 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 9.0 | 9.8 | 5.5 | 0.308 | 12.8 | 10.2 | 7.6 | 0.464 | 52.6 | 61.5 | 44.0 | 0.259 | 63.4 | 53.4 | 61.4 | 0.410 |
| Vitamin A (μg/day) | 37.3 b | 25.3 | 18.5 b | 0.013 | 27.7 | 22.4 | 26.3 | 0.472 | 52.6 | 43.6 | 40.0 | 0.640 | 12.8 | 5.4 | 11.4 | 0.266 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 11.9 | 7.1 | 3.4 | 0.063 | 7.4 | 8.6 | 4.2 | 0.297 | 47.4 | 56.4 | 40.0 | 0.306 | 62.8 | 45.9 | 54.5 | 0.093 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 6.0 ab | 1.0 a | 0.2 b | 0.002 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.424 | 31.6 | 25.6 | 26.0 | 0.876 | 19.1 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 0.073 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 7.5 a | 1.3 a | 1.4 | 0.006 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.193 | 47.4 | 38.5 | 36.7 | 0.790 | 61.7 | 47.3 | 50.0 | 0.145 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 4.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.105 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.291 | 36.8 | 35.9 | 30.0 | 0.717 | 29.8 | 32.4 | 31.8 | 0.929 |
| Folate (μg/day) | 70.1 | 60.6 | 60.3 | 0.317 | 69.1 | 58.4 | 57.6 | 0.141 | 84.2 | 79.5 | 72.0 | 0.499 | 97.9 | 95.9 | 97.7 | 0.733 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 32.8 a | 14.8 a | 19.9 | 0.003 | 17.0 | 16.1 | 16.9 | 0.960 | 31.6 | 33.3 | 44.0 | 0.483 | 30.9 a | 13.5 a | 15.9 | 0.015 |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | - |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 74.6 | 73.7 | 71.9 | 0.891 | 78.7 | 74.8 | 73.7 | 0.672 | 100.0 | 79.5 | 82.0 | 0.110 | 97.9 | 90.5 | 95.5 | 0.102 |
The figures for potassium are the percentages below adequate intake (AI) levels, as EAR is not available for this nutrient. Nutrient intakes are adjusted for within-subject and between subject variations by the NRC method. ‡ Derived from the Pearson Chi-square test. Superscript letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) in percentages between groups with different educational level using the two-sample Z-test for proportions. Figures sharing the same superscript letter differ significantly from each other: a <9 years vs. 9–14 years; b <9 years vs. >14 years; c 9–14 years vs. >14 years.