Table 4.
Differences in self-reported health between non-supplement users (NSU) and supplement user subgroups (SU+CLO, SU-CLO) in EPIC-Norfolk.
| Health condition | Answer category | N | % | NSU N | % | SU+CLO N | % | SU-CLO N | % |
SU+CLO vs NSU OR a |
95% C.I. |
SU-CLO vs. NSU OR a |
95% C.I. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEN | 10,247 | 6994 | 68.3 | 2215 | 21.6 | 1038 | 10.1 | ||||||
| Mean age (SD) | 58.9 | 9.3 | 61.8 | 8.6 | 59.4 | 9.3 | 1.19 | 1.16–1.22 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | |||
| Benign growth | Yes | 993 | 9.7 | 634 | 9.1 | 234 | 10.6 | 125 | 12.1 | 1.12 | 0.96–1.32 | 1.36 | 1.11–1.67 |
| No | 9235 | 90.3 | 6348 | 90.9 | 1975 | 89.4 | 912 | 87.9 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Cancer | Yes | 405 | 4.0 | 259 | 3.7 | 94 | 4.3 | 52 | 5.0 | 0.98 | 0.76–1.24 | 1.33 | 0.98–1.89 |
| No | 9830 | 96.0 | 6727 | 96.3 | 2117 | 95.7 | 986 | 95.0 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Heart attack | Yes | 560 | 5.5 | 409 | 5.9 | 94 | 4.3 | 57 | 5.5 | 0.58 | 0.46–0.74 | 0.90 | 0.68–1.20 |
| No | 9668 | 94.5 | 6573 | 94.1 | 2116 | 95.7 | 979 | 94.5 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Stroke | Yes | 189 | 1.8 | 139 | 2.0 | 36 | 1.6 | 14 | 1.4 | 0.65 | 0.45–0.94 | 0.64 | 0.37–1.12 |
| No | 10,041 | 98.2 | 6846 | 98.0 | 2173 | 98.4 | 1022 | 98.6 | Ref | Ref | |||
| High blood pressure | Yes | 1469 | 14.4 | 979 | 14.0 | 328 | 14.9 | 162 | 15.6 | 0.92 | 0.80–1.05 | 1.11 | 0.92–1.33 |
| No | 8753 | 85.6 | 5999 | 86.0 | 1879 | 85.1 | 875 | 84.4 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Diabetes | Yes | 333 | 3.3 | 236 | 3.4 | 69 | 3.1 | 28 | 2.7 | 0.78 | 0.59–1.03 | 0.77 | 0.52–1.14 |
| No | 9898 | 96.7 | 6747 | 96.6 | 2141 | 96.9 | 1010 | 97.3 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Arthritis | Yes | 1932 | 18.9 | 1137 | 16.3 | 604 | 27.4 | 191 | 18.5 | 1.72 | 1.53–1.93 | 1.14 | 0.96–1.35 |
| No | 8282 | 81.1 | 5837 | 83.7 | 1602 | 72.6 | 843 | 81.5 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Osteoporosis | Yes | 60 | 0.6 | 42 | 0.6 | 12 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.75 | 0.39–1.43 | 0.93 | 0.39–2.19 |
| No | 10,166 | 99.4 | 6940 | 99.4 | 2194 | 99.5 | 1032 | 99.4 | Ref | Ref | |||
| WOMEN | 12792 | 7056 | 55.2 | 3389 | 26.5 | 18.3 | 2347 | ||||||
| Mean age (SD) | 58.6 | 9.4 | 60.0 | 8.8 | 56.9 | 9.2 | 1.09 | 1.07–1.12 | 0.91 | 0.88–0.93 | |||
| Benign growth | Yes | 2448 | 19.2 | 1227 | 17.4 | 703 | 20.8 | 518 | 22.1 | 1.25 | 1.12–1.38 | 1.35 | 1.21–1.52 |
| No | 10,304 | 80.8 | 5812 | 82.6 | 2671 | 79.2 | 1821 | 77.9 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Cancer | Yes | 883 | 6.9 | 468 | 6.6 | 258 | 7.6 | 157 | 6.7 | 1.11 | 0.94–1.30 | 1.07 | 0.89–1.30 |
| No | 11,898 | 93.1 | 6582 | 93.4 | 3127 | 92.4 | 2189 | 93.3 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Heart attack | Yes | 168 | 1.3 | 105 | 1.5 | 39 | 1.2 | 24 | 1.0 | 0.66 | 0.46–0.96 | 0.82 | 0.52–1.28 |
| No | 12,608 | 98.7 | 6941 | 98.5 | 3345 | 98.8 | 2322 | 99.0 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Stroke | Yes | 127 | 1.0 | 86 | 1.2 | 26 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.55 | 0.35–0.86 | 0.61 | 0.35–1.06 |
| No | 12,651 | 99.0 | 6962 | 98.8 | 3358 | 99.2 | 2331 | 99.4 | Ref | Ref | |||
| High blood pressure | Yes | 1840 | 14.4 | 1067 | 15.1 | 483 | 14.3 | 290 | 12.4 | 0.84 | 0.74–0.94 | 0.89 | 0.77–1.03 |
| No | 10,926 | 85.6 | 5977 | 84.9 | 2899 | 85.7 | 2050 | 87.6 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Diabetes | Yes | 205 | 1.6 | 139 | 2.0 | 37 | 1.1 | 29 | 1.2 | 0.50 | 0.35–0.73 | 0.69 | 0.46–1.03 |
| No | 12,571 | 98.4 | 6908 | 98.0 | 3347 | 98.9 | 2316 | 98.8 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Arthritis | Yes | 3495 | 27.4 | 1717 | 24.4 | 1195 | 35.4 | 583 | 25.0 | 1.60 | 1.46–1.76 | 1.15 | 1.03–1.28 |
| No | 9247 | 72.6 | 5316 | 75.6 | 2180 | 65.6 | 1751 | 75.0 | Ref | Ref | |||
| Osteoporosis | Yes | 340 | 2.7 | 164 | 2.3 | 100 | 3.0 | 76 | 3.2 | 1.17 | 0.91–1.51 | 1.58 | 1.20–2.09 |
| No | 12,418 | 97.3 | 6877 | 97.7 | 3276 | 97.0 | 2265 | 96.8 | Ref | Ref |
NSU, Non-supplement User; SU, Supplement User; CLO, cod liver oil; OR, odds ratio, CI, confidence interval. a Age-adjusted OR (per 5 year) using multinomial logistic regression. Boldly printed OR were statistically significant findings.