Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to physiological status (n = 13,845).
| Characteristics | All | Pre-Conception | Pregnancy | Lactation | p a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 13,845 | 4471 | 5087 | 4287 | |
| Age (years) | 31.8 (4.7) | 31.4 (4.8) | 31.9 (4.6) | 32.2 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 164.0 (6.1) | 164.0 (6.1) | 164.1 (6.2) | 164.1 (6.1) | 0.621 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.3 (8.9) | 61.4 (9.6) | 61.2 (8.4) | 61.3 (8.6) | 0.432 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 (3.3) | 22.9 (3.9) | 22.7 (3.0) | 22.8 (3.0) | 0.926 |
| Activity factor | 1.43 (0.05) | 1.43 (0.05) | 1.41 (0.05) | 1.45 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Education level (%) | |||||
| No studies | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.10 | 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Primary | 16.0 | 13.2 | 16.8 | 18.1 | |
| High school | 35.1 | 34.1 | 34.9 | 36.4 | |
| University graduate | 47.1 | 51.1 | 46.2 | 43.9 | |
| Self-perception of health (%) | |||||
| Very good | 21.4 | 19.4 | 22.3 | 22.4 | <0.001 |
| Good | 65.5 | 66.3 | 63.7 | 66.7 | |
| Regular | 11.3 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 9.6 | |
| Bad | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | |
| Very bad | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
| Don’t know | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Self-perception of actual nutrition * (%) | |||||
| Very Balanced | 45.9 | 44.8 | 47.3 | 45.5 | <0.001 |
| Balanced | 38.7 | 36.6 | 39.6 | 39.7 | |
| Medium balanced | 13.0 | 15.9 | 11.0 | 12.4 | |
| Non balanced | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.9 | |
| Don’t know | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.5 | |
| Tobacco | |||||
| Never | 63.7 | 56.3 | 67.1 | 67.4 | <0.001 |
| Former/passive | 22.9 | 23.2 | 23.9 | 21.3 | |
| Actual | 13.4 | 20.4 | 9.0 | 11.4 | |
| Alcohol | |||||
| No | 67.3 | 51.0 | 75.4 | 74.6 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 32.7 | 49 | 24.6 | 25.4 | |
| Illicit Drugs | |||||
| Never | 97.8 | 96.9 | 98.2 | 98.4 | <0.001 |
| Former | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.1 | |
| Actual | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Special Diets ** | |||||
| No | 85.0 | 83.8 | 85.7 | 85.4 | 0.021 |
| Yes | 15.0 | 16.2 | 14.3 | 14.6 | |
| Diet supplementation (yes %) | |||||
| Enriched milk with calcium/vitamins | 24.1 | 21.1 | 24.9 | 26.2 | <0.001 |
| Folic acid/vitamin B12 | 49.5 | 48.9 | 74.7 | 20.4 | |
| Iodine/Iodine salt | 30.5 | 26.1 | 41.3 | 22.3 | |
| Iron | 32.5 | 16.0 | 46.1 | 33.7 | |
| Multivitamin and minerals | 21.3 | 14.1 | 26.7 | 22.4 | |
| Other supplements | 39.7 | 35.9 | 48.9 | 32.7 | |
| No supplementation | 18.3 | 26.1 | 5.8 | 25.2 | |
| Main fat consumed | |||||
| Olive oil | 92.2 | 91.2 | 92.9 | 92.4 | 0.008 |
| Others | 7.8 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 7.6 |
* Women were asked how they considered their actual nutrition in comparison with other women in their same physiological status. ** Including low-calorie, low-sugar, low-fat, low-salt, vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian and others. Values are expressed as the mean (SD), unless otherwise stated. a Continuous variables were compared using analyses of variance. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared test.