Table 2.
Comparisons of the variables of the participants with severity of periodontitis.
| Variables | Categories | Severity of Periodontitis | P Value * | Severity of Periodontitis | P Value * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No/Mild | Moderate/Severe | No/Mild/Moderate | Severe | ||||
| (n = 121) | (n = 293) | (n = 325) | (n = 89) | ||||
| n (%) or mean ± SD | n (%) or mean ± SD | n (%) or mean ± SD | n (%) or mean ± SD | ||||
| Gender | Male | 18 (14.9) | 68 (23.2) | 0.057 | 64 (19.7) | 22 (24.7) | 0.300 |
| Age, years | ≥65 | 59 (48.8) | 201 (68.6) | <0.001 | 197 (60.6) | 63 (70.8) | 0.079 |
| BMI | <18.5 | 18 (14.9) | 31 (10.6) | 0.108 | 37 (11.4) | 12 (13.5) | 0.457 |
| 18.5 to 22.9 | 68 (56.2) | 147 (50.2) | 174 (53.5) | 41 (46.1) | |||
| ≥23.0 | 35 (28.9) | 115 (39.2) | 114 (35.1) | 36 (40.4) | |||
| Presence of diabetes mellitus | Yes | 8 (6.6) | 26 (8.9) | 0.446 | 24 (7.4) | 10 (11.2) | 0.241 |
| Presence of hypertension | Yes | 17 (14.0) | 84 (28.7) | 0.002 | 72 (22.2) | 29 (32.6) | 0.042 |
| Presence of heart disease | Yes | 9 (7.4) | 21 (7.2) | 0.923 | 23 (7.1) | 7 (7.9) | 0.799 |
| Presence of dyslipidemia | Yes | 19 (15.7) | 45 (15.4) | 0.930 | 52 (16.0) | 12 (13.5) | 0.561 |
| Smoking | Never | 117 (96.7) | 249 (85.0) | 0.003 | 293 (90.2) | 73 (82.0) | 0.044 |
| Former | 3 (2.5) | 32 (10.9) | 25 (7.7) | 10 (11.2) | |||
| Current | 1 (0.8) | 12 (4.1) | 7 (2.2) | 6 (6.7) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | Never/former | 86 (71.1) | 207 (70.6) | 0.931 | 235 (72.3) | 58 (65.2) | 0.189 |
| Current | 35 (28.9) | 86 (29.4) | 90 (27.7) | 31 (34.8) | |||
| Vegetable consumption | Every day | 81 (66.9) | 191 (65.2) | 0.732 | 223 (68.6) | 49 (55.1) | 0.017 |
| Fruit consumption | Every day | 64 (52.9) | 161 (54.9) | 0.702 | 178 (54.8) | 47 (52.8) | 0.742 |
| Green tea consumption | ≥1 cup/day | 85 (70.2) | 199 (67.9) | 0.642 | 223 (68.6) | 61 (68.5) | 0.989 |
| Coffee consumption | ≥1 cup/day | 75 (62.0) | 169 (57.7) | 0.418 | 202 (62.2) | 42 (47.2) | 0.011 |
| Feature of drinking coffee | |||||||
| Consumed with sugar † | Yes | 27 (23.9) | 74 (27.5) | 0.465 | 73 (24.0) | 28 (35.9) | 0.034 |
| No | 86 (76.1) | 195 (72.5) | 231 (76.0) | 50 (64.1) | |||
| Consumed with milk † | Yes | 67 (59.3) | 163 (61.0) | 0.749 | 182 (60.1) | 48 (62.3) | 0.716 |
| No | 46 (40.7) | 104 (39.0) | 121 (39.9) | 29 (37.7) | |||
| Decaffeinated † | Yes | 11 (10.7) | 21 (8.8) | 0.581 | 25 (9.1) | 7 (10.3) | 0.767 |
| No | 92 (89.3) | 218 (91.2) | 249 (90.9) | 61 (89.7) | |||
| Using of coffee filter † | Yes | 58 (54.7) | 135 (53.4) | 0.814 | 156 (54.5) | 37 (50.7) | 0.555 |
| No | 48 (45.3) | 118 (46.6) | 130 (45.5) | 36 (49.3) | |||
| Exercise habits | ≥120 min/week | 62 (51.2) | 155 (52.9) | 0.758 | 174 (53.5) | 43 (48.3) | 0.382 |
| Number of teeth present | 25.3 ± 4.9 | 22.6 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | 23.8 ± 5.4 | 21.7 ± 4.3 | <0.001 | |
| BOP (%) | ≥20 | 13 (10.7) | 45 (15.4) | 0.219 | 31 (9.5) | 27 (30.3) | <0.001 |
| PCR (%) | ≥20 | 38 (31.4) | 132 (45.1) | 0.010 | 131 (40.3) | 39 (43.8) | 0.551 |
| Duration of maintenance phase | 9.3 ± 6.2 | 11.6 ± 6.8 | 0.002 | 10.7 ± 6.8 | 11.5 ± 6.4 | 0.370 | |
n, number; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; BOP, bleeding on probing; PCR, plaque control record. Independent variables with P value less than 0.20 for the chi-square test or unpaired t-test were considered as potential confounders for periodontitis severity. * Chi-square test or unpaired t-test; † In the chi-square test, we excluded the participants who answered unknown/others in each variable.