Table 4.

Bivariate relationships between utilization, cost, and participation level.

		No participation	PAMc only: Low incentive participation	Completed 8 topics: High incentive	Went beyond incentive requirements	P value
Patient activation score a , mean (SD)
	Pre-period	n/a	70.7 (14.6)	71.2 (14.7)	72.1 (15.3)	.002
	Post-period	n/a	72.4 (14.6)	73.6 (15.1)	74.1 (16.2)	<.001
	Change	n/a	1.7 (4.8)	2.5 (15.5)	2.0 (16.3)	.33
Primary care visits, mean (SD)
	Pre-period	2.4 (5.4)	2.4 (4.8)	2.4 (4.6)	2.6 (5.0)	.47
	Post-period	3.1 (4.9)	3.5 (5.3)	3.1 (5.6)	3.4 (5.9)	.06
	Change	0.7 (6.8)	1.0 (6.5)	0.7 (6.9)	0.8 (7.1)	.50
Specialty care visits, mean (SD)
	Pre-period	2.9 (7.2)	2.8 (6.5)	2.8 (5.9)	2.9 (6.4)	.86
	Post-period	3.7 (9.1)	4.1 (8.0)	3.6 (7.3)	3.9 (7.9)	.10
	Change	0.8 (9.5)	1.3 (8.7)	0.8 (8.3)	1.0 (8.9)	.20
Emergency department visits, n (%) with a visit b
	Pre-period	635 (4.5)	27 (3.0)	9 (3.1)	24 (3.4)	.41
	Post-period	1103 (7.8)	33 (3.7)	12 (4.0)	31 (4.3)	.01
	Change	3.3 (0.3)	0.7 (0.3)	0.9 (0.3)	0.9 (0.3)	.40
Hospitalizations, n (%) with a visit b
	Pre-period	226 (1.6)	10 (1.1)	3 (1.0)	8 (1.2)	.81
	Post-period	291 (2.0)	17 (2.0)	7 (2.2)	16 (2.2)	.83
	Change	0.4 (0.2)	0.8 (0.2)	1.2 (0.2)	1.1 (0.2)	.74

^aThe sample size for PAM was n=2222 for PAM only, n=1522 completed 8 topics, and n=3894 for going beyond the incentive requirements.

^bThe numbers presented in the table for percentages reflect the weighted numbers.

^cPAM: patient activation measure