Table 1. Differential diagnoses of bile acid diarrhea.

Disorder/disease	Diagnosis and disease management
Food allergy (e.g., gluten/intolerance)	Dietary exclusion
Sugar maldigestion	Sugar-breath H2 test; exclusion diet
Celiac disease	IgA tissue transglutaminase serology + duodenal biopsy gluten-free diet
Gluten intolerance, not Crohn’s disease	HLA-DQ2/8; trial of gluten-free diet
Microscopic/lymphocytic colitis	Fecal calprotectin; colon biopsy; bismuth subsalicylate, budesonide
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth	Duodenal aspirate and culture; glucose or lactulose-breath H2 test; find the cause for example, diverticula; treat with antibiotics

Reproduced with permission from [80].