CCS estimates (population in thousands) and model fits for cities. Each CCS estimate is the X-intercept of a linear model of proportion zero observations (Pr0) versus population size, excluding cities with no sampled zeros (see figure 3). Thus, each CCS estimate is the expected population size (total: CCST, effective: CCSE) at which no zeros are observed. The longer two-week sampling period of E&W is expected to reduce Pr0, and thus lower both measures of CCS, relative to the USA. WC, whooping cough.