Table 2.

Heritability estimates of skin redness and darkness, with confidence intervals in parentheses. Analyses are presented for both the general model (where both sexes are considered; ‘all’) and for the sex-influenced analyses (where only same-sex parent–offspring dyads are considered; ‘females’ and ‘males’).

	skin redness			skin darkness
	all	males	females	all	males	females
	n = 266	n = 127	n = 139	n = 266	n = 127	n = 139
heritability	11.80 (5.28–18.03)	12.78 (5.89–18.94)	7.37 (2.10–15.87)	12.51 (5.68–35.96)	30.70 (8.12–56.74)	24.52 (3.61–43.72)
natal effects
maternal effect	10.90 (5.85–19.47)	9.47 (4.67–15.68)	7.00 (1.73–13.66)	9.01 (3.51–27.50)	8.63 (3.09–16.87)	7.77 (2.00–20.94)
household effect	24.88 (9.68–39.11)	22.67 (8.41–36.55)	20.85 (4.21–44.97)	10.24 (3.27–26.84)	8.58 (3.61–24.02)	13.44 (3.09–37.29)
group effect	35.48 (19.84–64.94)	47.59 (22.51–68.76)	44.90 (22.19–83.98)	9.76 (3.48–31.05)	9.32 (3.63–26.24)	19.88 (3.48–59.34)
fixed effects
age	significant	significant	n.s.	significant	significant	significant
reproductive status	—	significant	n.s.	—	significant	significant
DIC	−763.4321	−1648.227	−820.4348	−444.871	−791.3593	−472.4431