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. 2014 Oct 20;9:4879–4891. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S62678

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© 2014 Wang et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Mechanism of PDT effect of YbPO₄:Er,Dy-MC540.

Notes: (A) Schematic illustration showing how PDT works using YbPO₄:Er,Dy-MC540. On exposure to NIR light, the YbPO₄:Er,Dy microspheres convert NIR light to visible light, which will activate the MC540 to produce reactive oxygen species to kill cancer cells. (B) Overlap between YbPO₄:Er,Dy emission and MC540 absorption: upconversion fluorescence spectrum of YbPO₄:Er,Dy under NIR laser excitation (red line); ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum of MC540 in water (blue line).

Abbreviations: MC540, merocyanine 540; NIR, near-infrared; PDT, photodynamic therapy.