Table 1. Preliminary Data from this Review are Presented Below.

Adolescence
Human (12–18 years)	Animal (28–42 days)
Preexisting differences:	Initiation of heavy alcohol use:
↓Cognitive inhibition	↓ Motor impairment
↓ Neural response	↓ Purkinje neuron response
Initiation of heavy alcohol use:	↓ Hippocampal volume
↓ Attention, visuospatial functioning	Age-specific alterations of protein expression in different brain regions
↑ Neural response in frontal regions
↓ White matter integrity
Adulthood (comparison group for older adulthood studies)
Human (25–54 years)	Animal (70 days to ∼15 months)
Older Adulthood
Human (>55 years)	Animal (> 18 months)
Acute moderate alcohol:	Acute alcohol:
*Set-shifting performance	↑ Motor impairment
*Cognitive efficiency	↓ Cognitive performance
↓ P3 amplitude	↑ Hypnotic effect
↑ P3 latency	↓ Hypothermia

^*Preliminary evidence suggests the directionality and/or presence of these effects depends on both task and dose.

According to these studies, alcohol use in adolescence and aging is related to the following consequences. The table necessarily simplifies the complexity of reported findings and does not reflect the range of possible effects, especially regarding acute effects in older humans for whom the literature is scant. Further research and replication of results, as well as studies integrating human and animal models for more direct comparison, are warranted.