. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 Sep 24;38(10):2630–2638. doi: 10.1111/acer.12533

Table 3.

Associations between state tobacco policies and natural log-transformed per capita alcohol consumption (gallons of ethanol), 1980–1994 and 1995–2009

	-------------Total alcohol^a----------		----------------Beer^b--------------		---------------Wine^c---------------		---------------Spirits^d--------------
Independent variable	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P
*1980–1994*

Price per pack of cigarettes (natural log-transformed)	−0.237 (−0.317, −0.158)	<.001	−0.187 (−0.284, −0.089)	<.001	−0.106 (−0.300, 0.087)	.275	−0.233 (−0.388, −0.077)	.004
Smoke-free air score	0.003 (−0.006, 0.011)	.534	0.001 (−0.010, 0.012)	.875	0.032 (0.004, 0.059)	.024	−0.003 (−0.021, 0.015)	.745
R² Δ with addition of both policies above	R²Δ=0.0029, F(2,49)=20.9,	p<.001	R²Δ=0.0028, F(2,49)=8.06,	p=.001	R²Δ=0.0007, F(2,49)=4.66,	p=.014	R²Δ=0.0011, F(2,49)=4.93,	p=.011

*1995–2009*

Price per pack of cigarettes (natural log-transformed)	0.050 (−0.002, 0.102)	.057	0.039 (−0.010, 0.088)	.118	0.082 (−0.016, 0.180)	.098	0.040 (−0.050, 0.131)	.375
Smoke-free air score	−0.006 (−0.010, −0.001)	.014	−0.005 (−0.010, 0.0002)	.061	−0.005 (−0.014, 0.003)	.226	−0.010 (−0.017, −0.004)	.003
R² Δ with addition of both policies above	R²Δ=0.0015, F(2,49)=5.47,	p=.007	R²Δ=0.0008, F(2,49)=2.35,	p=.106	R²Δ=0.0002, F(2,49)=1.73,	p=.188	R²Δ=0.0016, F(2,49)=6.70,	p=.003

Note: All models adjust for state and year fixed effects, as well as age distribution, unemployment rate, per capita income, beer tax, wine tax, and spirits tax. Each model includes 750 observations (50 states, 15 years).