Table 6.
Factors associated with obtaining advice, being referred and attending referral using unadjusted univariate and adjusted multilevel analysis
| Advice on lifestyle changes | Referral to lifestyle programs | Attendance at referral to lifestyle programs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters (reference category) | % getting advice (ref cat) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | # Adjusted OR (95% CI) | % being referred (ref cat) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | # Adjusted OR (95% CI) | % attending (ref cat) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | # Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
| Demographics | |||||||||
|
Age, years 55–70 (40–54) |
13.9 (18.1) | 0.73 (0.49 to 1.09) | - | 6.1 (3.7) | 1.67 (0.83 to 3.37) | - | 8.5 (4.0) | 2.21 (1.15 to 4.24) | 1.92 (0.91 to 4.30) |
| Male patients (female) | 21.8 (13.0) | 1.87 (1.24 to 2.81) | 1.36 (0.86 to 2.14) | 5.8 (4.7) | 1.24 (0.62 to 2.48) | - | 7.6 (6.1) | 1.26 (0.68 to 2.33) | - |
| Born outside Australia (Australian born) | 15.5 (15.8) | 0.98 (0.62 to 1.56) | - | 5.5 (4.9) | 1.14 (0.54 to 2.40) | - | 9.4 (5.6) | 1.74 (0.94 to 3.23) | - |
| Non-English speaking at home (English speaking at home) | 37.0 (14.8) | 3.40 (1.51 to 7.62) | 4.79 (1.99 to 11.55) | 7.4 (5.0) | 1.53 (0.35 to 6.72) | - | 14.8 (6.0) | 2.74 (0.91 to 8.29) | - |
| No university education (having university education) | 15.9 (15.4) | 1.04 (0.69 to 1.59) | - | 5.2 (4.3) | 1.22 (0.59 to 2.52) | - | 7.3 (4.7) | 1.59 (0.81 to 3.13) | - |
| Non-participation in labour force (in labour force) | 17.9 (14.3) | 1.30 (0.86 to 1.97) | - | 8.8 (3.2) | 2.90 (1.50 to 5.78) | 2.99 (1.43 to 6.22) | 10.4 (4.6) | 2.37 (1.32 to 4.28) | 2.04 (1.04 to 4.02) |
| Home owner (not owning their home) | 16.0 (12.3) | 1.36 (0.66 to 2.81) | - | 4.7 (8.2) | 0.55 (0.22 to 1.37) | - | 6.2 (9.6) | 0.62 (0.27 to 1.45) | - |
| Patient risk factors | |||||||||
| Insufficient health literacy (sufficient health literacy) | 20.2 (11.5) | 1.96 (1.30 to 2.95) | 1.71 (1.10 to 2.65) | 7.7 (2.7) | 3.04 (1.45 to 6.38) | 3.09 (1.38 to 6.91) | 10.0 (3.5) | 3.08 (1.60 to 5.93) | 3.44 (1.69 to 7.00) |
| Diet risk (having adequate fruits and vegetables intake) | 16.3 (11.3) | 1.54 (0.87 to 2.70) | - | 4.8 (5.6) | 0.85 (0.38 to 1.90) | - | 6.2 (7.7) | 0.79 (0.39 to 1.58) | - |
| Alcohol risk (drinking ≤2 standards drinks in a day) | 16.8 (15.3) | 1.12 (0.72 to 1.75) | - | 4.7 (5.0) | 0.94 (0.43 to 2.03) | - | 5.3 (6.9) | 0.75 (0.36 to 1.54) | - |
| Physical activity risk (doing adequate physical activity) | 16.8 (13.3) | 1.32 (0.88 to 2.00) | - | 5.0 (4.6) | 1.07 (0.54 to 2.13) | - | 6.7 (5.6) | 1.22 (0.66 to 2.25) | - |
| Weight risk (having normal range BMI) | 20.0 (8.3) | 2.75 (1.70 to 4.45) | 2.53 (1.52 to 4.22) | 7.2 (1.7) | 4.41 (1.69 to 11.51) | 2.96 (1.13 to 7.79) | 8.7 (3.5) | 2.64 (1.29 to 5.41) | 1.87 (0.89 to 3.95) |
| Practice characteristics | |||||||||
| 5+ GPs (<5 GPs) | 11.3 (19.1) | 0.54 (0.36 to 0.82) | 0.57 (0.35 to 0.93) | 3.3 (6.5) | 0.49 (0.24 to 1.01) | - | 4.2 (8.4) | 0.47 (0.25 to 0.90) | 0.42 (0.16 to 1.07) |
| State capital cities (inner regional) | 14.8 (27.3) | 0.46 (0.23 to 0.93) | 0.63 (0.28 to 1.41) | 5.0 (4.5) | 1.11 (0.26 to 4.79) | - | 6.3 (9.1) | 0.68 (0.23 to 1.98) | - |
| Between provider variance (SE*) | - | 0.022 (0.092) | - | 0.781 (0.464) | - | 0.645 (0.375) | |||
| Explained variance** (%) | - | 19.1 | - | 13.2 | - | 43.3 | |||
#Adjusted for significant confounding factors including practice characteristics and cluster effect using multilevel analysis.
*Standard error.
**Explained between practice variance using the variance in the empty model as reference.